Styrofoam is supposed to be safe to grow vegetables in, so I imagine they'd be safe to grow weed in... however since OP's problem is that it accumulates at the top, this wouldn't be a very good solution. Also if you're using lights that get hot I would be even more wary of using styrofoam.
I've been researching into alternatives as well, rice hulls, sand, pebbles all mentioned seem like valid options. Also have heard of using soil made from bark fines, which is more aerated than regular potting soil. I'm actually really curious about the kitty litter thing, though I can't find a lot about it. Since it's clay does it not just retain water?
it's the usuals, pumice, vermiculite, biochar, sand, glass, perlite, volcanic rock, calcined clay, etc.
you do NOT want anything based with bark fines, absolutely not, will sequester nitrogen, and drive your ph down as well.
depending on what is in your soil mix is what should dictate what aeration you use, more organic mixes (organic content, not nutrients, the CEC) will benefit from more air displacing aeration, meaning perlite, sand and the like, in mixes that have lower CEC (coco for example) you want more water retaining qualities, from like vermiculite, and to a degree pumice.
there is no perfect aeration for everyone, it's all predicated on what you got going on, your nutrients preferences, ambient humidity, lights, ventilation, believe it or not they all work together