WOW.... there are way too many unanswered questions here..
First off... The amps dont matter at all with regards to saving electricity.... like stated above... you are billed on watts consumed, so there is no monetary benefit to running something on 220v vs 110v..
With that amount of lights and other crap running in your upstairs room you need to have additional circuits in your grow room for it to be safe... not cheaper, but safe.
One 15A circuit can hold 12 amps (80% full load is code).... or 12A x 120v = 1440Watts..
Okay, now look at the power consumed in the room.... 1000W + (3 x 600w) + 600w veg light + co2 and fans.... so just on lights you are drawing 3400W.. plus the A/C should be upwards of 12A (or 1440W @ 120v) ..... so now we are at 4840w... you will need four separate circuits.
Now on to the 50A question.... why would anybody run their grow room off a 50A breaker?
- if they had a separate panel in their grow room with 15 or 20A breakers in it.. then they could run one large 3 conductor cable from their panel to their grow room and then the smaller branch wires would have to go from the panel in the grow room to the lights, a/c, etc...
- You cannot feed your lights off a 50A breaker.... the wire needed to run 50A would be too large to connect to the lights... considering the lights are around 9A, 50A wire would be a little overkill...
So you see... the benefit could be the cost of the supplies....
in one scenario, all four breakers are fed off the main house panel with 14/2 wire. all four 14/2 wires travel from the panel to the room with the lights...
in the other, a 50A 2-pole breaker sits in your main panel, a 6/3 (much more expensive wire) runs from your main panel to a separate panel in the grow room area. Inside the panel in the grow room there is four 15A breakers... each breaker must have a 14/2 wire run to the lights.
so technically, if there is enough space in your main breaker panel, it would be cheaper to have four separate runs going to your grow room rather than buying large wire, an extra panel, a 50A 2-pole breaker for your main panel, etc..
Now to the 220V question....
mostly everything in your house runs off of 110-120v.... nothing can change that... that is the way it is made.
Some things like your dryer can run on 220v, some furnace motors, your stove, etc.... these appliances are designed to run on only 220-240v
Rarely you may find something like a light ballast that can run on many different voltages.... why is this? it is to save wire while installing the lights...
you see if you have 10 lights that each take 1.0A @ 110V then we can put all 10 lights on the same breaker.... however what if those lights were 347V and not 110V?
since we showed you above that you r billed on watts... then 10A (10 lights) x 110V = 1100watts....
so 1100w / 347v = 3.17A..
So 10 lights run @ 347v is 3.17A and the same 10 lights run @ 110v is 10A....
Now you see, if the lights are run on 347v, you can fit 30+ lights on one 15A circuit..... if the lights are run @ 110V then you can only fit 10 lights. Therefore you will need three separate feeds to run 30+ lights @ 110V and only one feed if the lights are run at 347V.
However remember those 30 lights will consume the same amount of electricity and thus they will cost the same to run on 347v as then will on 110v...
My brain is farting now... I need a bowl.....lol...
Oh and in case it isn't obvious... I am an electrician too....lol IBEW Sparkies unite! lol