Are you talking about a growing plant or some dried buds?
There are a number of books like this (eg Danny Danko from High Times magazine has a "field guide to marijuana"), but I don't think this is going to be all that helpful except maybe to give you a very broad clue about what you might have.
If you're talking about actual buds. . .forget it. Someone who is a true cannabis connoisseur might be able to smell/smoke your buds and give you some kind of informal evaluation of the general type/class of strain, but unless your particular buds happened to be one with a highly unique smell/flavor/look, that's probably about as far as you're going to get.
Likewise, a very seasoned grower with a lot of experience growing many different strains can make a pretty educated guess about what your strain is or its genetic background *IF* its well into flowering and it happens to be a version of, or close relative to, one of the common established strains (skunk, blueberry, diesel, afghani, etc).
But other than that, no. Unless your particular strain happens to be one of a rare handful with highly characteristic features, the likelihood of you definitively identifying its genetic lineage by appearance or taste is pretty remote.
Not only is it impossible to definitively tell one stain from another merely based on its appearance, in fact, lots of different "strains" actually are just the same strain with different names or various hybridized "mutts" of one another. In many cases, even name brand "strains" are not more than unstablized "mutts" from hybrid parents. In a case like that you may well see a pack of 10 seeds with every plant looking somewhat different than every other plant! So if every plant in a pack is unique, is this really a "strain". . .let alone one that someone might be expected to identify based on mere observation of one plant or smoking it?
If you've got plants of unknown genetic lineage, your best bet of identifying what they are is to figure out where the plants/seeds came from and work backwards from there. Of course that's going to be impossible or next-to-impossible in many cases, but it might be worth a shot.