Public Safety Canada has finally released the results of their
Oral Fluid Drug Screening Device Pilot Project from this past winter. The program was intended to help coincide with the government’s promise to legalize cannabis, and was in collaboration with Public Safety Canada, the RCMP, and the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators.
The purpose of the project was to test different "oral fluid" devices in the Canadian climate, and to offer training and get feedback from law enforcement on the use and effectiveness of these products. The government has, in the past, tested the reliability of these products. Despite some errors with machinery and some recommendations for refining how data is collected, the government says the results of the study are positive, and will aid law enforcement in handling the expected impacts of cannabis legalization.
The testing took place between December 18, 2016 and March 6, 2017, with 1141 oral fluid samples collected by law enforcement officers across Canada. The results were analyzed by the roadside using two oral fluid drug screening devices, the Securetec DrugRead and the Alere DDS-2. These devices have been used and tested in other jurisdictions, as well.
The report was developed in consultation with seven police jurisdictions: Vancouver Police Department, Halifax Regional Police Service, Toronto Police Service, Gatineau Police Service, Ontario Provincial Police, North Battleford RCMP and Yellowknife RCMP.
From December 13-14, 2016, a training session was held for 24 police officers from these seven districts. Each officer committed to collecting at least 10 oral samples, and training two to five additional officers. Officers who received extensive training on the devices reported better ease of use.
Each police service was asked to conduct between 100 and 170 samples on each device, in total, except for Yellowknife due to a smaller population, which was asked to collect 50 samples on each device. Participating officers had various checklists to gather data on ease of use in various conditions.
83% of swabs were administered by officers trained in Standardized Field Sobriety Testing (SFST), and 55% of swabs were administered by Drug Recognition Experts (DRE). These officers collected samples in more than 25 communities across Canada and, on average, collected 21.5 samples each, meeting the target of a minimum of ten samples per officer on each device.
Drivers tested in the
program all submitted samples voluntarily and were not held to any charges based on the results of the test. Volunteers were then screened for any signs of impairment by the police officer who was giving the tests, and any volunteers who showed signs of impairment were not eligible to participate.
Of the samples taken, about 15% registered a positive drug reading. The most commonly detected drugs based on the samples were cannabis (61%), methamphetamines and amphetamines (23% each), cocaine (14%), opiates (9%) and benzodiazepines (3%). The report notes that presence of a drug in the oral fluid does not imply impairment.
Two police services mentioned that possibly three devices appeared defective, which could have given artificially high drug-positive tests.
Of the 148 drug-positive tests, 38 (26%) were positive for more than one drug. The most common combination of two drugs was methamphetamines and amphetamines (15 samples), and either methamphetamines or amphetamines were present in 89% of poly-drug instances. Cannabis was present in combination with other drugs in 42% of poly-drug instances (16 samples).
The report concludes that, with proper training, the devices are reliable and a "useful tool" for Canadian law enforcement and the Canadian climate and environment.