hermies pop up within hours!

fabfun

fabfun

New Member
ok if this guy doesnt have a come back lets talk WEED
i am getting close to harvest cant wait but not to bring up hermies to start this shit again i had one out of 16
but got it finishing in separate box looks like i might get 1 1/2 oz off that drag queen
 
fabfun

fabfun

New Member
been fun i m going to go to bed shortly so luda can get his 15 minutes hate to keep him from posting for fear of being proved wrong
so we should let him lurk while we who actually grow sleep or care for actual plants while he copy and pastes imaginary grows
 
fabfun

fabfun

New Member
ok then since we arent talking plant anyone seen the booty pop commercials that just wrong tricking a muthaf
i mean big slabs of silcone on their ass why they got to tricka dude
as fdd would say in his is it done thread

THIS ONES DONE
goodnite RIU
 
freethoughexchange

freethoughexchange

Active Member
That's hilarious!!!! I hate those booty pops, and you would be suprised at how many regular chicks and celebrities are using them...
fabfun said:
ok then since we arent talking plant anyone seen the booty pop commercials that just wrong tricking a muthaf
i mean big slabs of silcone on their ass why they got to tricka dude
as fdd would say in his is it done thread

THIS ONES DONE
goodnite RIU
Click to expand...
 
doc111

doc111

Well-Known Member
fabfun said:
Well luda what it going to be u fucked up when u told me your game
u forgot as someone else said we pot smokers are free thinkers and cant be controlled like u did with la skunk whatever his name he would chime in after u to agree with u like u asked me to do on officially pissed thread
AND I KNEW WHEN I READ HIS POST IF I WENT TO YOUR FRIENDS LIST HE WOULD BE ON THERE

JUST A PUPPET
Click to expand...
..............:lol:

 

Attachments

Spanishfly

Spanishfly

Well-Known Member
doc111 said:
Since we are having a riveting conversation about genetic mutations I figured I'd put up this gem here. I really enjoy science.:bigjoint:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mcb&part=A1876





8.1 Mutations: Types and Causes
The development and function of an organism is in large part controlled by genes. Mutations can lead to changes in the structure of an encoded protein or to a decrease or complete loss in its expression. Because a change in the DNA sequence affects all copies of the encoded protein, mutations can be particularly damaging to a cell or organism. In contrast, any alterations in the sequences of RNA or protein molecules that occur during their synthesis are less serious because many copies of each RNA and protein are synthesized.
Geneticists often distinguish between the genotype and phenotype of an organism. Strictly speaking, the entire set of genes carried by an individual is its genotype, whereas the function and physical appearance of an individual is referred to as its phenotype. However, the two terms commonly are used in a more restricted sense: genotype usually denotes whether an individual carries mutations in a single gene (or a small number of genes), and phenotype denotes the physical and functional consequences of that genotype.
Mutations Are Recessive or Dominant

A fundamental genetic difference between organisms is whether their cells carry a single set of chromosomes or two copies of each chromosome. The former are referred to as haploid; the latter, as diploid. Many simple unicellular organisms are haploid, whereas complex multicellular organisms (e.g., fruit flies, mice, humans) are diploid.







Figure 8-1
For a recessive mutation to give rise to a mutant phenotype (more...)



Figure 8-1
.
For a recessive mutation to give rise to a mutant phenotype in a diploid organism, both alleles must carry the mutation
However, one copy of a dominant mutant allele leads to a mutant phenotype. Recessive mutations result in a loss of function, whereas dominant mutations often, but not always, result in a gain of function.





Different forms of a gene (e.g., normal and mutant) are referred to as alleles. Since diploid organisms carry two copies of each gene, they may carry identical alleles, that is, be homozygous for a gene, or carry different alleles, that is, be heterozygous for a gene. A recessive mutation is one in which both alleles must be mutant in order for the mutant phenotype to be observed; that is, the individual must be homozygous for the mutant allele to show the mutant phenotype. In contrast, the phenotypic consequences of a dominant mutation are observed in a heterozygous individual carrying one mutant and one normal allele (Figure 8-1).
Recessive mutations inactivate the affected gene and lead to a loss of function. For instance, recessive mutations may remove part of or all the gene from the chromosome, disrupt expression of the gene, or alter the structure of the encoded protein, thereby altering its function. Conversely, dominant mutations often lead to a gain of function. For example, dominant mutations may increase the activity of a given gene product, confer a new activity on the gene product, or lead to its inappropriate spatial and temporal expression. Dominant mutations, however, may be associated with a loss of function. In some cases, two copies of a gene are required for normal function, so that removing a single copy leads to mutant phenotype. Such genes are referred to as haplo-insufficient. In other cases, mutations in one allele may lead to a structural change in the protein that interferes with the function of the wild-type protein encoded by the other allele. These are referred to as dominant negative mutations.
Some alleles can be associated with both a recessive and a dominant phenotype. For instance, fruit flies heterozygous for the mutant Stubble (Sb) allele have short and stubby body hairs rather than the normal long, slender hairs; the mutant allele is dominant in this case. In contrast, flies homozygous for this allele die during development. Thus the recessive phenotype associated with this allele is lethal, whereas the dominant phenotype is not.

Inheritance Patterns of Recessive and Dominant Mutations Differ

Recessive and dominant mutations can be distinguished because they exhibit different patterns of inheritance. To understand why, we need to review the type of cell division that gives rise to gametes (sperm and egg cells in higher plants and animals). The body (somatic) cells of most multicellular organisms divide by mitosis (see Figure 1-10), whereas the germ cells that give rise to gametes undergo meiosis. Like body cells, premeiotic germ cells are diploid, containing two of each morphologic type of chromosome. Because the two members of each such pair of homologous chromosomes are descended from different parents, their genes are similar but not usually identical. Single-celled organisms (e.g., the yeast S. cerevisiae) that are diploid at some phase of their life cycle also undergo meiosis (see Figure 10-54).







Figure 8-2
Meiosis



Figure 8-2
.
Meiosis
A premeiotic germ cell has two copies of each chromosome (2n), one maternal and one paternal. Chromosomes are replicated during the S phase, giving a 4n chromosomal complement. During the first meiotic division, each replicated chromosome (actually two sister chromatids) aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination (discussed later). One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into one daughter cell, and the other homolog goes into the other cell. The resulting 2n cells undergo a second division without intervening DNA replication. During this second meiotic division, the sister chromatids of each morphologic type separate and these now independent chromosomes are randomly apportioned to the daughter cells. Thus, each diploid cell that undergoes meiosis produces four haploid cells, whereas each diploid cell that undergoes mitosis produces two diploid cells (see Figure 1-10).





Figure 8-2 depicts the major events in meiosis. One round of DNA replication, which makes the cell 4n, is followed by two separate cell divisions, yielding four haploid (1n) cells that contain only one chromosome of each homologous pair. The apportionment, or segregation, of homologous chromosomes to daughter cells during the first meiotic division is random; that is, the maternally and paternally derived members of each pair, called homologs, segregate independently, yielding germ cells with different mixes of paternal and maternal chromosomes. Thus parental characteristics are reassorted randomly into each new germ cell during meiosis. The number of possible varieties of meiotic segregants is 2n, where n is the haploid number of chromosomes. In the case of a single chromosome, as illustrated in Figure 8-2, meiosis gives rise to two types of gametes; one type carries the maternal homolog and the other carries the paternal homolog.









Figure 8-3
Segregation patterns of dominant and recessive mutations (more...)




Figure 8-3
.
Segregation patterns of dominant and recessive mutations
Crosses between genotypically normal individuals (blue) and mutants (yellow) that are heterozygous for a dominant mutation (a) or homozygous for a recessive mutation (b) produce different ratios of normal and mutant phenotypes in the F1 generation. Although all the F1 progeny from a cross between a normal individual and an individual homozygous for a recessive mutation will have a normal phenotype, one-quarter of the progeny from the intercross between F1 progeny will have a mutant phenotype. Observation of segregation patterns like these led Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884) to conclude that each gamete receives only one of the two parental alleles, a conclusion known as Mendel’s first law.





Now, let’s see what phenotypes are generated by mating of wild-type individuals with mutants carrying either a dominant or a recessive mutation. As shown in Figure 8-3a, half the gametes from an individual heterozygous for a dominant mutation in a particular gene will have the wild-type allele, and half will have the mutant allele. Since fertilization of female gametes by male gametes occurs randomly, half the first filial (F1) progeny resulting from the cross between a normal wild-type individual and a mutant individual carrying a single dominant allele will exhibit the mu-tant phenotype. In contrast, all the gametes produced by a mutant homozygous for a recessive mutation will carry the mutant allele. Thus, in a cross between a normal individual and one who is homozygous for a recessive mutation, none of the F1 progeny will exhibit the mutant phenotype (Figure 8-3b). However, one-fourth of the progeny from parents both heterozygous for a recessive mutation will show the mutant phenotype.

Mutations Involve Large or Small DNA Alterations








Figure 8-4
Different types of mutations



Figure 8-4
.
Different types of mutations
(a) Point mutations, which involve alteration in a single base pair, and small deletions generally directly affect the function of only one gene. A wild-type peptide sequence and the mRNA and DNA encoding it are shown at the top. Altered nucleotides and amino acid residues are highlighted in green. Missense mutations lead to a change in a single amino acid in the encoded protein. In a nonsense mutation, a nucleotide base change leads to the formation of a stop codon (purple). This results in premature termination of translation, thereby generating a truncated protein. Frameshift mutations involve the addition or deletion of any number of nucleotides that is not a multiple of three, causing a change in the reading frame. Consequently, completely unrelated amino acid residues are incorporated into the protein prior to encountering a stop codon. (b) Chromosomal abnormalities involve alterations in large segments of DNA. Presumably these abnormalities arise owing to errors in the mechanisms for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA. Chromosomes (I or II) are shown as single thick lines with the regions involved in a particular abnormality highlighted in green or purple. Inversions occur when a break is rejoined to the correct chromosome but in an incorrect orientation; deletions, when a segment of DNA is lost; translocations, when breaks are rejoined to the wrong chromosomes; and insertions, when a segment from one chromosome is inserted into another chromosome.







A mutation involving a change in a single base pair, often called a point mutation, or a deletion of a few base pairs generally affects the function of a single gene (Figure 8-4a). Changes in a single base pair may produce one of three types of mutation:
Small deletions have effects similar to those of frameshift mutations, although one third of these will be in-frame and result in removal of a small number of contiguous amino acids.


The second major type of mutation involves large-scale changes in chromosome structure and can affect the functioning of numerous genes, resulting in major phenotypic consequences. Such chromosomal mutations (or abnormalities) can involve deletion or insertion of several contiguous genes, inversion of genes on a chromosome, or the exchange of large segments of DNA between nonhomologous chromosomes (Figure 8-4b).

Mutations Occur Spontaneously and Can Be Induced

Mutations arise spontaneously at low frequency owing to the chemical instability of purine and pyrimidine bases and to errors during DNA replication. Natural exposure of an organism to certain environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens (e.g., aflatoxin B1), also can cause mutations.







Figure 8-5
One mechanism by which errors in DNA replication produce (more...)



Figure 8-5
.
One mechanism by which errors in DNA replication produce spontaneous mutations
The replication of only one strand is shown; the other strand is replicated normally, as shown at the top. A replication error may arise in regions of DNA containing tandemly repeated sequences (in this case, GTC) when a portion of the newly synthesized strand (light blue) loops out into a single-stranded form. This slippage displaces the newly synthesized strand back along the template strand (dark blue), with its 3′ end still paired with the template. As a result, the DNA-synthesizing enzymes copy a region of the template strand a second time, leading to an increase in length of nine nucleotides (yellow) in this example. A subsequent round of DNA replication results in the production of one normal duplex DNA molecule and one mutant duplex containing the additional nucleotides.





A common cause of spontaneous point mutations is the deamination of cytosine to uracil in the DNA double helix. Subsequent replication leads to a mutant daughter cell in which a T·A base pair replaces the wild-type C·G base pair. Another cause of spontaneous mutations is copying errors during DNA replication. Although replication generally is carried out with high fidelity, errors occasionally occur. Figure 8-5 illustrates how one type of copying error can produce a mutation. In the example shown, the mutant DNA contains nine additional base pairs.
In order to increase the frequency of mutation in experimental organisms, researchers often treat them with high doses of chemical mutagens or expose them to ionizing radiation. Mutations arising in response to such treatments are referred to as induced mutations. Generally, chemical mutagens induce point mutations, whereas ionizing radiation gives rise to large chromosomal abnormalities.







Figure 8-6
Induction of point mutations by ethylmethane sulfonate (more...)



Figure 8-6
.
Induction of point mutations by ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS), a commonly used mutagen
(a) EMS alkylates guanine at the oxygen on position 6 of the purine ring, forming O6-ethylguanine (Et-G), which base-pairs with thymine. (b) Two rounds of DNA replication of a strand containing Et-G yields a mutant DNA in which a G·C base pair is replaced with an A·T pair. Cells also have repair enzymes that can remove the ethyl group from Et-G (Chapter 12).





Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS), a commonly used mutagen, alkylates guanine in DNA, forming O6-ethylguanine (Figure 8-6a). During subsequent DNA replication, O6-ethylguanine directs incorporation of deoxythymidylate, not deoxycytidylate, resulting in formation of mutant cells in which a G·C base pair is replaced with an A·T base pair (Figure 8-6b). The causes of mutations and the mechanisms cells have for repairing alterations in DNA are discussed further in Chapter 12.

Some Human Diseases Are Caused by Spontaneous Mutations

Many common human diseases, often devastating in their effects, are due to mutations in single genes. Genetic diseases arise by spontaneous mutations in germ cells (egg and sperm), which are transmitted to future generations. For example, sickle-cell anemia, which affects 1 in 500 individuals of African descent, is caused by a single missense mutation at codon 6 of the β-globin gene; as a result of this mutation, the glutamic acid at position 6 in the normal protein is changed to a valine in the mutant protein. This alteration has a profound effect on hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrier protein of erythrocytes, which consists of two α-globin and two β-globin subunits (see Figure 3-11). The deoxygenated form of the mutant protein is insoluble in erythrocytes and forms crystalline arrays. The erythrocytes of affected individuals become rigid and their transit through capillaries is blocked, causing severe pain and tissue damage. Because the erythrocytes of heterozygous individuals are resistant to the parasite causing malaria, which is endemic in Africa, the mutant allele has been maintained. It is not that individuals of African descent are more likely than others to acquire a mutation causing the sickle-cell defect, but rather the mutation has been maintained in this population by interbreeding.







Figure 8-7
Role of spontaneous somatic mutation in retinoblastoma, (more...)



Figure 8-7
.
Role of spontaneous somatic mutation in retinoblastoma, a childhood disease marked by retinal tumors
Tumors arise from retinal cells that carry two mutant Rb− alleles. (a) In hereditary retinoblastoma, a child receives a normal Rb+ allele from one parent and a mutant Rb− allele from the other parent. A single mutagenic event in a heterozygous somatic retinal cell that inactivates the normal allele will result in a cell homozygous for two mutant Rb− alleles. (b) In sporadic retinoblastoma, a child receives two normal Rb+ alleles. Two separate somatic mutations, inactivating both alleles in a particular cell, are required to produce a homozygous Rb−/Rb− retinal cell.





Spontaneous mutation in somatic cells (i.e., non-germline body cells) also is an important mechanism in certain human diseases, including retinoblastoma, which is associated with retinal tumors in children (see Figure 24-11). The hereditary form of retinoblastoma, for example, results from a germ-line mutation in one Rb allele and a second somatically occurring mutation in the other Rb allele (Figure 8-7a). When an Rb heterozygous retinal cell undergoes somatic mutation, it is left with no normal allele; as a result, the cell proliferates in an uncontrolled manner, giving rise to a retinal tumor. A second form of this disease, called sporadic retinoblastoma, results from two independent mutations disrupting both Rb alleles (Figure 8-7b). Since only one somatic mutation is required for tumor development in children with hereditary retinoblastoma, it occurs at a much higher frequency than the sporadic form, which requires acquisition of two independently occurring somatic mutations. The Rb protein has been shown to play a critical role in controlling cell division (Chapter 13).
In a later section, we will see how normal copies of disease-related genes can be isolated and cloned.

SUMMARY


Copyright © 2000, W. H. Freeman and Company
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FGS, please not more WAR AND PEACE plagiarised from the web !!!!!!!! You think we have time to read that???
 
doc111

doc111

Well-Known Member
Spanishfly said:
FGS, please not more WAR AND PEACE plagiarised from the web !!!!!!!! You think we have time to read that???
Click to expand...
Read it, don't read it. Makes no difference to me. I put that up there for someone who couldn't understand what causes genetic mutation. Unfortunately, genetics isn't as simple as some would have us believe. And what do you mean plagiarized?:-? Yes, I copy and pasted it but I also put up a link to the site I got it from. Plagiarism is if I took credit for it and said it was MY work. I did not take credit for the work. Just posted it up to educate anybody who might be interested.:roll:
 
JACQO

JACQO

Well-Known Member
thats ok doc111 and thanks my friend its gona get the chop now do you reacon i should chop the rest mate? they'v got 3weeks left an i just noticed another one startin to doit too i now the tricks are only milky but i was only waitin for them to bulk up abit i was told they do that just befor they die only secound crop n got 3rd under light goin lol
 
doc111

doc111

Well-Known Member
JACQO said:
thats ok doc111 and thanks my friend its gona get the chop now do you reacon i should chop the rest mate? they'v got 3weeks left an i just noticed another one startin to doit too i now the tricks are only milky but i was only waitin for them to bulk up abit i was told they do that just befor they die only secound crop n got 3rd under light goin lol
Click to expand...
If it were me I'd chop it now. If you have other ladies around you don't want to miss a pollen sac and have it pollinate your whole crop. The decision is ultimately yours though. Best of luck and happy growing.:weed:
 
JACQO

JACQO

Well-Known Member
yh iv choped them lol il make some nice B.H.O with the leaves n smoke the budz but yea thanks doc111 but yeah im workin on 2 of my own auto strains atmo thats what under light n i dont really want the hermie pollen getin into grow room with light got my assassins in conservatory mate. thanks for help though bruv
 
freethoughexchange

freethoughexchange

Active Member
JACQO said:
yh iv choped them lol il make some nice B.H.O with the leaves n smoke the budz but yea thanks doc111 but yeah im workin on 2 of my own auto strains atmo thats what under light n i dont really want the hermie pollen getin into grow room with light got my assassins in conservatory mate. thanks for help though bruv
Click to expand...
Damn that's a shame so far into flowering!! :cry: But, if it ever happens again and you can isolate them, you can still make it threw flowering. The worst that will happen is that you will see seeds start to form inside the buds. But, I guess itz safer not to risk ur entire crop...
 
goten

goten

Well-Known Member
wow dudes ,

it sounds like their is 3 people on here that needs to sit down a share a smoke together , lol

lets all just get along smoke our shit then pass the bong ...
 
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