Pnuggle
Well-Known Member
BOTANY 101: THE EVOLUTION OF THE KINGDOM PLANTAE
Non-Vascular Plants:
- Lacks Vascular tissue
- Gametophyte is the dominant generation
- Must exist in moist environments
- Water is required for fertilization
- No "true" roots, stems, or leaves
Vascular Non Seed-Bearing Plants:
- Vascular tissue (Xylem and Phloem)
- Advancements in vascular systems
- Sporophyte is the dominant generation
- More advanced spore-bearing structures (Strobilus and Sorus)
- Some developed heterospory
Seed-Bearing Plants (Gymnosperms):
- Advancements in vascular tissues: Vascular Cambium
- Sporophyte and Gametophyte generations are completely independent
- Embryo protected by seed
- Sporophyte generation is much smaller
- Sperm protected by pollen grain
And finally, our FAVORITE plant group!
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms):
- Flowers
- Fruits
- More complex getting sperm to egg
- Advancements in vascular systems
- Ovules enclosed inside of the carpels (or what we might all know around here as a calyx)
Now that we have covered the evolution of the Plant Kingdom, let's discuss why Flowering Plants are the most diverse.
Promiscuity and Developmental Plasticity
Angiosperm Promiscuity refers to the idea that Flowering plants have a greater ability to outbreed, therefore creating a wider range of family members and species that vary(in size, shape, color, etc..). Developmental Plasticity is a plants ability to withstand changes in growth(variety), which will lead to GREATER biodiversity.
Now, we will discuss the general flow of energy in Flowering plants, as well as in other types of organisms
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration(Fermentation)
Aerobic Respiration:
- Requires oxygen
- Takes places in the Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
- Occurs in Eukaryotic organisms ONLY
- 36 ATP produces
- No leftover molecules except Carbon
Anaerobic Respiration(Fermentation):
- Oxygen not required
- Takes place in the Cytoplasm
- Occurs in Eukaryotic AND Prokaryotic organisms
- 2 ATP produced
- Leftover molecules of alcohol or lactic acid
If you have ever grown a plant you must know a little about photosynthesis. Maybe if you are a little more experienced, you know that isn't all there is to it
Light Dependent Reactions(LDR) vs. Light Independent Reactions(LIR)
LDR:
- ETC(Electron Transport Chain) and Chemiosmosis
- ATP and NADPH
- Needs light
- Water is split, oxygen gas is made
- Takes place on the thylakoid membrane
LIR:
- Happens after the Light Dependent Reactions
- Light not required
- ATP and NADPH used to perform Carbon Fixation
- Takes places on the Stroma
Some might be curious to(or maybe foggy about) what the ETC(Electron Transport Chain) and Chemiosmosis are
Electron Transport Chain(ETC) and Chemiosmosis
The ETC happens first. Electrons are excited by an input of energy, causing them to jump out to other molecules, creating the Proton Pump, which fuels the Proton Gradient. Chemiosmosis occurs after the ETC. The Proton Gradient is used to fuel the ATP Synthase, which makes ATP. As protons travel through the ATP Synthase, ADP and P come together with Energy to create ATP.
On an end note, we'll review the Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle is the transfer of Carbon Dioxide gas from the atmosphere, into living things through Photosynthesis, and back out into the atmosphere through either Respiration in plant roots, or Combustion through the burning of fossil fuels.
I hope we all got a good little review! And I hope that some people are learning something new! Happy holidays, stay safe, and keep on growin'
Good luck to all of our college students, as well.
Non-Vascular Plants:
- Lacks Vascular tissue
- Gametophyte is the dominant generation
- Must exist in moist environments
- Water is required for fertilization
- No "true" roots, stems, or leaves
Vascular Non Seed-Bearing Plants:
- Vascular tissue (Xylem and Phloem)
- Advancements in vascular systems
- Sporophyte is the dominant generation
- More advanced spore-bearing structures (Strobilus and Sorus)
- Some developed heterospory
Seed-Bearing Plants (Gymnosperms):
- Advancements in vascular tissues: Vascular Cambium
- Sporophyte and Gametophyte generations are completely independent
- Embryo protected by seed
- Sporophyte generation is much smaller
- Sperm protected by pollen grain
And finally, our FAVORITE plant group!
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms):
- Flowers
- Fruits
- More complex getting sperm to egg
- Advancements in vascular systems
- Ovules enclosed inside of the carpels (or what we might all know around here as a calyx)
Now that we have covered the evolution of the Plant Kingdom, let's discuss why Flowering Plants are the most diverse.
Promiscuity and Developmental Plasticity
Angiosperm Promiscuity refers to the idea that Flowering plants have a greater ability to outbreed, therefore creating a wider range of family members and species that vary(in size, shape, color, etc..). Developmental Plasticity is a plants ability to withstand changes in growth(variety), which will lead to GREATER biodiversity.
Now, we will discuss the general flow of energy in Flowering plants, as well as in other types of organisms
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration(Fermentation)
Aerobic Respiration:
- Requires oxygen
- Takes places in the Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
- Occurs in Eukaryotic organisms ONLY
- 36 ATP produces
- No leftover molecules except Carbon
Anaerobic Respiration(Fermentation):
- Oxygen not required
- Takes place in the Cytoplasm
- Occurs in Eukaryotic AND Prokaryotic organisms
- 2 ATP produced
- Leftover molecules of alcohol or lactic acid
If you have ever grown a plant you must know a little about photosynthesis. Maybe if you are a little more experienced, you know that isn't all there is to it
Light Dependent Reactions(LDR) vs. Light Independent Reactions(LIR)
LDR:
- ETC(Electron Transport Chain) and Chemiosmosis
- ATP and NADPH
- Needs light
- Water is split, oxygen gas is made
- Takes place on the thylakoid membrane
LIR:
- Happens after the Light Dependent Reactions
- Light not required
- ATP and NADPH used to perform Carbon Fixation
- Takes places on the Stroma
Some might be curious to(or maybe foggy about) what the ETC(Electron Transport Chain) and Chemiosmosis are
Electron Transport Chain(ETC) and Chemiosmosis
The ETC happens first. Electrons are excited by an input of energy, causing them to jump out to other molecules, creating the Proton Pump, which fuels the Proton Gradient. Chemiosmosis occurs after the ETC. The Proton Gradient is used to fuel the ATP Synthase, which makes ATP. As protons travel through the ATP Synthase, ADP and P come together with Energy to create ATP.
On an end note, we'll review the Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle is the transfer of Carbon Dioxide gas from the atmosphere, into living things through Photosynthesis, and back out into the atmosphere through either Respiration in plant roots, or Combustion through the burning of fossil fuels.
I hope we all got a good little review! And I hope that some people are learning something new! Happy holidays, stay safe, and keep on growin'
Good luck to all of our college students, as well.
