Just want to note that just because a substance is "synthetic" or synthetically derived it doesn't automatically imply "microbe killer". Everything in the world is essentially made up of matter and chemicals, including microbes themselves. The basic definition of 'chemical' is a purified or prepared substance or compound. This could include table sugar (sucrose), table salt (NaCl), potassium silicate, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, cellulose, lignin, ATP, etc. Chemical reactions take place in nature all around us, inside of us, and in laboratories.
Potassium silicate, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, are all examples of "salts": neutral ionic compounds that form when an acid reacts with a base. Water soluble salts dissociate into their anion and cation components when dissolved in water, as Tmac402 described.
Many of these are obtained from geological sources; mined minerals, but they could also be produced synthetically. Sulfuric acid + magnesium oxide or carbonate will yield magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (epsom salt). Calcium oxide + water will give calcium hydroxide, add carbon dioxide gas and you'll get calcium carbonate. The ever popular baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) + vinegar (acetic acid) reaction aka volcano experiment yields sodium acetate, water and carbon dioxide.