After the war, despite the debt, the United States also experienced an economic boom, due to the devastation of the
Napoleonic Wars. In particular, because of the damage to Europe's agricultural sector, the U.S. agricultural sector underwent an expansion. The Bank aided this boom through its lending, which encouraged speculation in land. This lending allowed almost anyone to borrow money and speculate in land, sometimes doubling or even tripling the prices of land. The land sales for 1819, alone, totaled some 55 million acres (220,000 km²). With such a boom, hardly anyone noticed the widespread fraud occurring at the Bank as well as the economic bubble that had been created.
[4]
In the summer of 1818, the national bank managers realized the bank's massive over-extension, and instituted a policy of contraction and the calling in of loans. This recalling of loans simultaneously curtailed land sales and slowed the U.S. production boom due to the recovery of Europe. The result was the
Panic of 1819 and the situation leading up to
McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 (1819).
[5]
Maryland adopted a policy to restrict banks, by placing a tax on any bank that was not chartered by the state legislature. This tax was either 2% of all assets or a flat rate of $15,000. That meant that the Baltimore Branch would have to pay this hefty tax. McCulloch filed suit against the state in a county court. The case made its way through the
courts, all the way up to the
United States Supreme Court, where the tax by the state of Maryland was ultimately struck down.
Daniel Webster had successfully argued the case for the bank.
[edit] Bank's decline
By the early 1830s, President
Andrew Jackson had come to thoroughly dislike the Second Bank of the United States because of its supposed fraud and corruption. Jackson then had an investigation done on the Bank which he said established
“beyond question that this great and powerful institution had been actively engaged in attempting to influence the elections of the public officers by means of its money.” Although its charter was bound to run out in 1836, Jackson wanted to "kill" the Second Bank of the United States even earlier. Jackson is considered primarily responsible for its demise, seeing it as an instrument of political corruption and a threat to American liberties.
[6] The head of the Second Bank during Jackson's presidency was
Nicholas Biddle who decided to seek an extension of the bank's charter four years early, in 1832. Henry Clay helped to steer the bill through Congress. But Jackson vetoed the bill in July.