Gastanker
Well-Known Member
Here is a write-up I had to do for a bio class I took on toxins:
Def extract and dry the toxins - if you simply lick the toad you are getting high dosages of bufo toxins which make you trip in a -'I'm sick and might be dying way' versus smoking the dried material with most of these toxins neutralized - the paper didn't cover the bufo toxins as they are obviously not as interesting.
Bufo alvarius is the largest North American toad, dwelling in the Sonoran Desert regions of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Baja California. B. Alvarius is a nocturnal carnivore, eating small desert species including insects, other toads, and small rodents and reptiles.4 B. Alvarius has few predators due to a potent toxin it produced in external skin glands known as parotoid glands. The majority of toads and some salamanders possess these parotoid glands however the consistency of toxin varies greatly. B. Alvarius possesses a particular toxin known as 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine, a powerful tryptamine.5
Trytamine is a monomine alkaloid related to the amino acid tryptophan, a neuromodulator found in the brains of mammals. In 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine the tryptamine acts similar to tryptophan in mimicking the effects of serotonin a monoamine neurotransmitter found in serotonergic neurons in the CNS. Serotonin plays a role in modulating anger, aggression, body temperature, mood, sleep, sexuality, appetite, metabolism, and stimulation of vomiting .1 B. Alvariuss toxin targets the 5-HT2A receptors found widely throughout the CNS with large gatherings in the neocortex (primarily parietal, prefrontal, and somatosensory cortex) as well as the in portions of the cortex that regulate cognitive processes.2,3 The trytamine acts as a partial agonist, binding to many of the 5-HT2A receptor sites and mimics the effects of high dosages of serotonin.6
Trytamine, unlike serotonin, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier; as levels escalate in the parietal lobe they upset regular integration of sensory information often blending senses such as vision and sound. Additionally, the parietal lobe coordinates the visual mapping of objects and their positions, both of which are effected by the higher levels of trytamine: producing symptoms of disorientation. In essence the toxin causes an overload of thought and perception causing the receiver to experience great confusion allowing the toad to escape.
3 Cook EH, Fletcher KE, Wainwright M, Marks N, Yan SY, Leventhal BL (August 1994). "Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin 5-HT2A receptor: identity with frontal cortex serotonin 5-HT2A receptor". J. Neurochem. 63 (2): 4659. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63020465.x. PMID 8035173
5 Daly, John, and Bernhard Witkop 1971. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Frog Venoms. In Venomous Vertebrates, edited by Wolfgang Bucherl and Eleanor buckley, pp. 497-519. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
2 Hoyer D, Hannon J, Martin G (2002). "Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71 (4): 53354. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00746-8. PMID 11888546
4 Stebbins, Robert C. 1954. Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. pp.101-102, 115, 144. New York, McGraw-Hill
6 Zhu BT (2005). "Mechanistic explanation for the unique pharmacologic properties of receptor partial agonists". Biomed. Pharmacother. 59 (3): 7689. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2005.01.010. PMID 15795100
Def extract and dry the toxins - if you simply lick the toad you are getting high dosages of bufo toxins which make you trip in a -'I'm sick and might be dying way' versus smoking the dried material with most of these toxins neutralized - the paper didn't cover the bufo toxins as they are obviously not as interesting.
Bufo alvarius
(Colorado River Toad/Sonoran Desert Toad)
(Colorado River Toad/Sonoran Desert Toad)
Bufo alvarius is the largest North American toad, dwelling in the Sonoran Desert regions of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Baja California. B. Alvarius is a nocturnal carnivore, eating small desert species including insects, other toads, and small rodents and reptiles.4 B. Alvarius has few predators due to a potent toxin it produced in external skin glands known as parotoid glands. The majority of toads and some salamanders possess these parotoid glands however the consistency of toxin varies greatly. B. Alvarius possesses a particular toxin known as 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine, a powerful tryptamine.5
Trytamine is a monomine alkaloid related to the amino acid tryptophan, a neuromodulator found in the brains of mammals. In 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine the tryptamine acts similar to tryptophan in mimicking the effects of serotonin a monoamine neurotransmitter found in serotonergic neurons in the CNS. Serotonin plays a role in modulating anger, aggression, body temperature, mood, sleep, sexuality, appetite, metabolism, and stimulation of vomiting .1 B. Alvariuss toxin targets the 5-HT2A receptors found widely throughout the CNS with large gatherings in the neocortex (primarily parietal, prefrontal, and somatosensory cortex) as well as the in portions of the cortex that regulate cognitive processes.2,3 The trytamine acts as a partial agonist, binding to many of the 5-HT2A receptor sites and mimics the effects of high dosages of serotonin.6
Trytamine, unlike serotonin, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier; as levels escalate in the parietal lobe they upset regular integration of sensory information often blending senses such as vision and sound. Additionally, the parietal lobe coordinates the visual mapping of objects and their positions, both of which are effected by the higher levels of trytamine: producing symptoms of disorientation. In essence the toxin causes an overload of thought and perception causing the receiver to experience great confusion allowing the toad to escape.
3 Cook EH, Fletcher KE, Wainwright M, Marks N, Yan SY, Leventhal BL (August 1994). "Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin 5-HT2A receptor: identity with frontal cortex serotonin 5-HT2A receptor". J. Neurochem. 63 (2): 4659. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63020465.x. PMID 8035173
5 Daly, John, and Bernhard Witkop 1971. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Frog Venoms. In Venomous Vertebrates, edited by Wolfgang Bucherl and Eleanor buckley, pp. 497-519. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
2 Hoyer D, Hannon J, Martin G (2002). "Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71 (4): 53354. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00746-8. PMID 11888546
4 Stebbins, Robert C. 1954. Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. pp.101-102, 115, 144. New York, McGraw-Hill
6 Zhu BT (2005). "Mechanistic explanation for the unique pharmacologic properties of receptor partial agonists". Biomed. Pharmacother. 59 (3): 7689. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2005.01.010. PMID 15795100
lol.