Recommend against super glue (cyanoacrylate) ... it has poor heat stability.
I did fix a bong stem/bowl with two-component epoxy once. It'll take more heat. cn
Ok nix the superglue. Never did the experiment myself.
From a closer look at the bowl, I think there was already an internal shear plane or even crack. From the way it broke, it looks like it wasn't properly annealed and it delaminated while cooling. If you have that sort of situation in a piece of hard material it's like a loaded spring waiting to be released and a small tap can cause big damage.
Just a thought. Well not even that. Just an MJ ramble