I've personally never had to flush. I've held back nutes a bit when I was afraid things were getting too hot. I follow General hydroponics instructions and try to run through about 20% of the water through the drains with my feedings. Then every 3rd water I do the plain stuff and let that run through a bit. If I'm lazy or short on time I'll sometimes under water a bit so there's no clean up, but it's probably not healthy.
In regards to water type, my tap is 80-130 ppm which ppl would probably consider acceptable to use. I got a reverse osmosis system anyway, and it made a huge difference. For example it basically doubled the speed my aero system roots. Tap will probably be fine if ur waternquality is decent Though. Even at my lower PPM my water would leave buildup where ever I sprayed it, wich prob isn't good.
How much water Really depends on your medium. In a high porosity soiless, augmented with extra perlite, about 4-5 gallons of water is about perfect for 15 dry gallons for me. I get a little run through. I put only about .5 to 1.5 gallon in my 5 gallon pots.