Finshaggy
Well-Known Member
Why are Solar Panels used to directly power Houses or Buildings? Why don't they use Solar Panels to Power Alternators, which is what powers the Electric Grid, with Solar Panels?
Electricity should be Free.
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature. Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. Large 50 or 60 Hz three phase alternators in power plants generate most of the world's electric power, which is distributed by electric power grids.
Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF)—a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction. It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.
Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, classical optics, and electric circuits. These fields in turn underlie modern electrical and communications technologies. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents. They are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who published an early form of those equations between 1861 and 1862.
Electrical Engineering Books:
http://www.eletrica.ufpr.br/graduacao/e-books/Mcgraw-Hill%20-%20Principles%20And%20Applications%20Of%20Electrical%20Engineering.pdf
http://webbut.unitbv.ro/Carti on-line/Fizica/Nicolaide.pdf
http://iate.oac.uncor.edu/~manuel/l.../The Art of Electronics - Horowitz & Hill.pdf
http://www.fisica.net/ebooks/eletri...ssical Electricity and Magnetism 2nd. Ed..pdf
http://www.isu.edu.tw/upload/52/33/news/postfile_36558.pdf
Solar Powered Alternators and Generators
http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~lindgc/Project/FinalReport.pdf
http://www.sunrnr.com/uploads/PortableSolarGenerator101.pdf
https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1978/7802/780214.PDF
https://www.fkf.mpg.de/1253832/High...Solar-Energy-and-Heat-into-Electric-Power.pdf
http://self.org/SELF_White_Paper_-_Solar_vs_Diesel.pdf
http://acep.uaf.edu/media/87693/SolarDieselGridHandbook.pdf
http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/h...d=14FF1B6EAF77B77E067BCF6BDD8EF26F?sequence=1
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/26042.pdf
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/review_meeting/pdfs/prm2008_white_infinia.pdf
BoPET
BoPET (Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) is a polyester film made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and is used for its high tensile strength, chemical and dimensional stability, transparency, reflectivity, gas and aroma barrier properties, and electrical insulation.
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~cober/mse542/page2/files/Barriers.pdf
http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/pdf/1556-276X-9-305.pdf
Pearlescent Paints
http://imgur.com/U1jIbt7
Pearlescent or nacreous coatings or pigments possess optical effects that not only serve decorative purposes (such as cosmetics, printed products, industrial coatings, or automotive paints), but also provide important functional roles, such as security printing or optical filters.
https://domino.mpi-inf.mpg.de/intra...4db8e17bbc1256a7d004f1487/$FILE/EG01Paint.pdf
http://www.ramcharan.org/pdf/Pearl Pigments.pdf
http://www.gris.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/~mgoesele/download/Guenther-2005-EAR.pdf
Alumina effect pigment
http://imgur.com/WM7Pwmr
An alumina effect pigment is a pearlescent pigment based on alumina (aluminium oxide). The most important class of special effect pigments today exists of natural mica platelets coated with thin films of transparent metal oxides like titanium oxide and iron oxide. To expand the range of achievable color effects, further special effect pigments were developed, which use substrate materials such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide or borosilicate instead of mica.
http://www.koboproductsinc.com/Downloads/(j)Kobo-InCosm07-PearlPigments-V10.pdf
http://www.researchgate.net/publica..._double-layer_surface_coating_of_TiO2_pigment
Solar Technology
http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/sprayonsolar.jsp
http://inhabitat.com/hypersolar-increases-solar-efficiency-by-300-with-magnifying-film/
"Alexandre Edmond Becquerel created the world's first photovoltaic cell in 1839. In this experiment, silver chloride was placed in an acidic solution and illuminated while connected to platinum electrodes, generating voltage and current. Because of this work, the photovoltaic effect has also been known as the "Becquerel effect". The Photovoltaic effect, a process in which two dissimilar materials in close contact produce an electrical voltage when struck by light or other radiant energy. Light striking crystals such as silicon or germanium, in which electrons are usually not free to move from atom to atom within the crystal, provides the energy needed to free some electrons from their bound condition. Free electrons cross the junction between two dissimilar crystals more easily in one direction than in the other, giving one side of the junction a negative charge and, therefore, a negative voltage with respect to the other side, just as one electrode of a battery has a negative voltage with respect to the other. The photovoltaic effect can continue to provide voltage and current as long as light continues to fall on the two materials. This current can be used to measure the brightness of the incident light or as a source of power in an electrical circuit, as in a solar power system."
Quantum Dots in Photovoltaics
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34814/InTech-Silicon_quantum_dots_for_photovoltaics_a_review.pdf
A quantum dot solar cell is a solar cell design that uses quantum dots as the absorbing photovoltaic material. It attempts to replace bulk materials such as silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or CdTe. Quantum dots have bandgaps that are tunable across a wide range of energy levels by changing the dots' size. In bulk materials the bandgap is fixed by the choice of material(s). This property makes quantum dots attractive for multi-junction solar cells, where a variety of materials are used to improve efficiency by harvesting multiple portions of the solar spectrum.
Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaics
http://www.e-renewables.com/documents/Solar/Dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells.pdf
http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bits...6/JeremyEssner2011.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC or DYSC) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and anelectrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. The modern version of a dye solar cell, also known as the Grätzel cell, was originally co-invented in 1988 by Brian O'Regan and Michael Grätzel at UC Berkeley and this work was later developed by the aforementioned scientists at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne until the publication of the first high efficiency DSSC in 1991.
Carrier Multiplication in Photovoltaics
http://ccccchem.uci.edu/~lawm/Gener...m Dots for Highly Efficient Photovoltaics.pdf
In solar cell research, carrier multiplication is the phenomenon wherein the absorption of a single photon leads to the excitation of multiple electrons from the valence band to conduction band. In the theory of a conventional solar cell, each photon is only able to excite one electron across the band gap of the semiconductor, and any excess energy in that photon is dissipated as heat. In a material with carrier multiplication, high-energy photons excite on average more than one electron across the band gap, and so in principle the solar cell can produce more useful work.
Colloids in Photovoltaics
https://books.google.com/books?id=b...I0OOfh8PPyAIVCVOICh0VyQDq#v=onepage&q&f=false
Thiols in Photovoltaics
http://www.light.utoronto.ca/edit/files/publications/2008/barkhouse_2008_1.pdf
Nanocrystal Acid Treatments in Photovoltaics
https://zenodo.org/record/1133/files/post-deposition-Nanotechnology-revised2.pdf
Photoelectrochemical cells
http://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/hydrogen_workshop/MacQueen.pdf
Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells that produce electrical energy or hydrogen in a process similar to the electrolysis of water.
Electricity should be Free.
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature. Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. Large 50 or 60 Hz three phase alternators in power plants generate most of the world's electric power, which is distributed by electric power grids.
Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF)—a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction. It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.
Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, classical optics, and electric circuits. These fields in turn underlie modern electrical and communications technologies. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents. They are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who published an early form of those equations between 1861 and 1862.
Electrical Engineering Books:
http://www.eletrica.ufpr.br/graduacao/e-books/Mcgraw-Hill%20-%20Principles%20And%20Applications%20Of%20Electrical%20Engineering.pdf
http://webbut.unitbv.ro/Carti on-line/Fizica/Nicolaide.pdf
http://iate.oac.uncor.edu/~manuel/l.../The Art of Electronics - Horowitz & Hill.pdf
http://www.fisica.net/ebooks/eletri...ssical Electricity and Magnetism 2nd. Ed..pdf
http://www.isu.edu.tw/upload/52/33/news/postfile_36558.pdf
Solar Powered Alternators and Generators
http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~lindgc/Project/FinalReport.pdf
http://www.sunrnr.com/uploads/PortableSolarGenerator101.pdf
https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1978/7802/780214.PDF
https://www.fkf.mpg.de/1253832/High...Solar-Energy-and-Heat-into-Electric-Power.pdf
http://self.org/SELF_White_Paper_-_Solar_vs_Diesel.pdf
http://acep.uaf.edu/media/87693/SolarDieselGridHandbook.pdf
http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/h...d=14FF1B6EAF77B77E067BCF6BDD8EF26F?sequence=1
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/26042.pdf
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/review_meeting/pdfs/prm2008_white_infinia.pdf
BoPET
BoPET (Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) is a polyester film made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and is used for its high tensile strength, chemical and dimensional stability, transparency, reflectivity, gas and aroma barrier properties, and electrical insulation.
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~cober/mse542/page2/files/Barriers.pdf
http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/pdf/1556-276X-9-305.pdf
Pearlescent Paints
http://imgur.com/U1jIbt7
Pearlescent or nacreous coatings or pigments possess optical effects that not only serve decorative purposes (such as cosmetics, printed products, industrial coatings, or automotive paints), but also provide important functional roles, such as security printing or optical filters.
https://domino.mpi-inf.mpg.de/intra...4db8e17bbc1256a7d004f1487/$FILE/EG01Paint.pdf
http://www.ramcharan.org/pdf/Pearl Pigments.pdf
http://www.gris.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/~mgoesele/download/Guenther-2005-EAR.pdf
Alumina effect pigment
http://imgur.com/WM7Pwmr
An alumina effect pigment is a pearlescent pigment based on alumina (aluminium oxide). The most important class of special effect pigments today exists of natural mica platelets coated with thin films of transparent metal oxides like titanium oxide and iron oxide. To expand the range of achievable color effects, further special effect pigments were developed, which use substrate materials such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide or borosilicate instead of mica.
http://www.koboproductsinc.com/Downloads/(j)Kobo-InCosm07-PearlPigments-V10.pdf
http://www.researchgate.net/publica..._double-layer_surface_coating_of_TiO2_pigment
Solar Technology
http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/sprayonsolar.jsp
http://inhabitat.com/hypersolar-increases-solar-efficiency-by-300-with-magnifying-film/
"Alexandre Edmond Becquerel created the world's first photovoltaic cell in 1839. In this experiment, silver chloride was placed in an acidic solution and illuminated while connected to platinum electrodes, generating voltage and current. Because of this work, the photovoltaic effect has also been known as the "Becquerel effect". The Photovoltaic effect, a process in which two dissimilar materials in close contact produce an electrical voltage when struck by light or other radiant energy. Light striking crystals such as silicon or germanium, in which electrons are usually not free to move from atom to atom within the crystal, provides the energy needed to free some electrons from their bound condition. Free electrons cross the junction between two dissimilar crystals more easily in one direction than in the other, giving one side of the junction a negative charge and, therefore, a negative voltage with respect to the other side, just as one electrode of a battery has a negative voltage with respect to the other. The photovoltaic effect can continue to provide voltage and current as long as light continues to fall on the two materials. This current can be used to measure the brightness of the incident light or as a source of power in an electrical circuit, as in a solar power system."
Quantum Dots in Photovoltaics
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34814/InTech-Silicon_quantum_dots_for_photovoltaics_a_review.pdf
A quantum dot solar cell is a solar cell design that uses quantum dots as the absorbing photovoltaic material. It attempts to replace bulk materials such as silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or CdTe. Quantum dots have bandgaps that are tunable across a wide range of energy levels by changing the dots' size. In bulk materials the bandgap is fixed by the choice of material(s). This property makes quantum dots attractive for multi-junction solar cells, where a variety of materials are used to improve efficiency by harvesting multiple portions of the solar spectrum.
Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaics
http://www.e-renewables.com/documents/Solar/Dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells.pdf
http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bits...6/JeremyEssner2011.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC or DYSC) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and anelectrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. The modern version of a dye solar cell, also known as the Grätzel cell, was originally co-invented in 1988 by Brian O'Regan and Michael Grätzel at UC Berkeley and this work was later developed by the aforementioned scientists at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne until the publication of the first high efficiency DSSC in 1991.
Carrier Multiplication in Photovoltaics
http://ccccchem.uci.edu/~lawm/Gener...m Dots for Highly Efficient Photovoltaics.pdf
In solar cell research, carrier multiplication is the phenomenon wherein the absorption of a single photon leads to the excitation of multiple electrons from the valence band to conduction band. In the theory of a conventional solar cell, each photon is only able to excite one electron across the band gap of the semiconductor, and any excess energy in that photon is dissipated as heat. In a material with carrier multiplication, high-energy photons excite on average more than one electron across the band gap, and so in principle the solar cell can produce more useful work.
Colloids in Photovoltaics
https://books.google.com/books?id=b...I0OOfh8PPyAIVCVOICh0VyQDq#v=onepage&q&f=false
Thiols in Photovoltaics
http://www.light.utoronto.ca/edit/files/publications/2008/barkhouse_2008_1.pdf
Nanocrystal Acid Treatments in Photovoltaics
https://zenodo.org/record/1133/files/post-deposition-Nanotechnology-revised2.pdf
Photoelectrochemical cells
http://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/hydrogen_workshop/MacQueen.pdf
Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells that produce electrical energy or hydrogen in a process similar to the electrolysis of water.
