vostok
Well-Known Member
More than 100 billion bananas are consumed each year,
making it the fourth most important crop after wheat, rice and corn
Buy a banana and it will almost certainly be descended from one plant grown at an
English stately home. But now we face losing one of the world's most-loved fruits.
Sitting in picture-perfect Peak District grounds, Chatsworth House seems an unlikely
birthplace for today's global banana industry.
But practically every banana consumed in the western world is directly descended
from a plant grown in the Derbyshire estate's hothouse 180 years ago.
This is the story of how the Cavendish became the world's most important fruit -
and why it and bananas as we know them could soon cease to exist.
Chatsworth House in the Peak District is still home to the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire
Bananas have been grown at Chatsworth since 1830 when head gardener Joseph Paxton
got his hands on a specimen imported from Mauritius.
He had apparently been inspired after seeing a banana plant depicted on Chinese wallpaper
in one of the home's 175 rooms, but today's head gardener Steve Porter is sceptical
about the story.
"Certainly the timings fit", he said, "but I think it's much more likely that Paxton was always
on the lookout for new and exotic plants and was well connected enough to know
when the banana plants arrived in England."
Paxton filled a pit with "plenty of water, rich loam soil and well-rotted dung" with the
temperature maintained between 18C and 30C (65F and 85F) to grow the fruit
he called Musa Cavendishii after his employers (Cavendish being the family name
of the Dukes and Duchesses of Devonshire).
"At that time for a family in England to be able to grow their own bananas to feed their
guests was very exciting," said Mr Porter, adding: "It still is for us today."
Chatsworth's head gardener was apparently inspired to grow the banana after seeing
a depiction of the plant on wallpaper in the house
In November 1835 Paxton's plant finally flowered and by the following May it was loaded
with more than 100 bananas, one of which won a medal at that year's
Horticultural Society show.
A few years later the duke supplied two cases of plants to a missionary named
John Williams to take to Samoa.
Only one survived the journey but it launched the banana industry in Samoa and other
South Sea islands (Williams himself was killed by natives).
Missionaries also took the Cavendish banana to the Pacific and the Canary Islands.
So the Cavendish spread, but it is only in relatively recent years that it has become
the exporter's banana of choice, its rise in popularity caused by the very thing
that is now killing it off - the Panama disease.
Bananas are native to south-east Asia, although there are plantations around the world
For decades the most-exported and therefore most important banana in the world
was the Gros Michel, but in the 1950s it was practically wiped out by the fungus
known as Panama disease or banana wilt.
Banana growers turned to another breed that was immune to the fungus - the Cavendish,
a smaller and by all accounts less tasty fruit but one capable of surviving
global travel and, most importantly, able to grow in infected soils.
Though banana-growing habitats still have their own breeds, practically all bananas exported
to foreign markets such as Europe, the UK and North America, are Cavendishes,
clones of the first Chatsworth plant.
And a quarter of the bananas eaten in India are Cavendishes while practically all the bananas
sold and consumed in China are descended from Chatsworth's plant.
But just as breeders were busy cultivating their Cavendishes, so too was the Panama disease
developing a new strain capable of killing them off.
And the new fungus is even more deadly than that which wiped out the Gros Michel,
for it also affects numerous local breeds of banana around the world.
As well as killing off banana plants the Panama Disease also lingers in the soil for decades
"I try to avoid dramatising this story but look at what happened previously with the GrosMichel,"
said Dr Gert Kema, an expert in global plant production from the Wageningen University
and Research Centre in the Netherlands.
"If that happens again we have a very serious issue, and it is happening now.
"This does not mean that next week there will be no bananas in supermarkets in the UK.
"This is going to take some time but that time is extremely pressing; we have nothing to replace the Cavendish right now."
Some 10,000 hectares of Cavendish have already been destroyed according to
Panama Disease.org and experts warn many more will follow if the fungus
is not stopped.
There are numerous local breeds of banana around the world but by far
the most exported is the Cavendish
The solution to the banana crisis is twofold, according to Dr Kema.
First, contain the epidemic, but that's much easier said than done,
says Alistair Smith, international co-ordinator for Norwich-based Banana Link,
a co-operative that works with growers and farmers around the world.
"It is more or less possible to contain with very strict measures but there is nothing to say
[Panama disease] is not going to arrive somewhere else, for example from contaminated
soil on boots or via an infected plant, and there is no way to salvage your production
once you have got the disease.
"It's a huge issue for growers who have already been affected in places like the Philippines
but awareness is only now growing in the Americas who are yet to be hit.
In many countries bananas are a vital food source and key business
"The potential for devastation if it does reach them is almost total."
And how practical is containment when the fungus can easily be transmitted
by natural means such as storms?
"We have much more advanced technology now than we did when we lost the Gros Michel," Dr Kema said.
"We can detect and track the fungus far better than we could but the
underlying problem is still the same in that the Cavendish is so vulnerable to disease,
and that has to change."
As well as destroying large swathes of banana plants, typhoons and other storms
of the sort seen in Asia can also carry the Panama disease fungus to new plantations
And that's the second solution - find a new banana resistant to the disease and,
to avoid history repeating itself, genetically diverse.
"To carry on growing the same genetic banana is stupid," Dr Kema said.
"It is necessary that we improve the Cavendish through genetic engineering but parallel
to that we must be finding genetic diversity in our breeding programmes."
And it is vital we keep the banana says Adam Hart, professor of science communications
at the University of Gloucestershire, not only because it is vital to numerous countries' economies but also because it is popular.
"Culturally the banana has become quite important, it is seen as a power fruit with plenty
of sports people pictured eating them, it is nature's convenient snack.
Bananas are seen as a power food popular among sports people and the
health conscious, says science communication professor Adam Hart
"The world would carry on if we lost bananas but it would be devastating for those who
rely on it economically and very sad for those of us who enjoy eating them."
Meanwhile, oblivious to the global catastrophe their cousins are facing, Chatsworth's
plants continue to produce between 30 and 100 bananas a year to be eaten by the
Cavendish family and their guests.
"They are more like a plantain, denser and not as sweet," said Mr Porter,
"but they are displayed in bowls and used in cooking in the house.
"Whatever happens in the rest of the world, we will do everything we can
to keep our own bananas growing."
Chatsworth is still growing plants descended from Paxton's 1830 purchase
with the bananas still used in the house
(http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-35131751)
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