If Your a New Grower, You're gonna wanna see this!
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hogbud
Well-Known Member
When I was here regularly my threads would have a bit of trolling but actually very few one good example was my thread Riddle has a questionYeah, LoL at the bumps but evenly common sense finally prevailed which is still rare around here I see. Still don't trust this place but figured I'd hang out for a minute. WTF I might learn something!
https://www.rollitup.org/t/wow-riddle-has-a-question.339103/
hogbud
Well-Known Member
Most folks that read my stuff know that I don't say things without a lot of research, so I'm gonna lay a bit of it on ya
I don't like or condone the antics of big pharma, but am thankful that GW pharma gets to experiment with MJ and post their findings
the following quotes are from one such study
Specific Methods
5.4.2.1 Uniformity of Plants Grown from Cuttings or Seed
THC variety G1 was selected for this test. Thirty plants raised from cuttings were compared to a similar number raised from seeds. The clones were all derived from one plant and code named clone M1. For the seed sown crop, seedlings were raised as described in paragraph 5.4.1.1. For the plants raised from cuttings, the propagation timings and conditions were as described in paragraph 5.4.1.2. Ten days after sowing, eighty individual seedlings were transplanted into pots using identical materials and methods employed for the propagation of plants from cuttings. The rooted cuttings were also transplanted on the same day.
Three weeks after transplanting, the plants were moved to a twelve hour light / twelve hour dark regime to induce flowering. All male plants and excess female plants were removed to leave thirty seed and thirty clone derived plants. These were maintained in neighbouring blocks at a density of ten plants per square metre. Eight weeks after the move to twelve hour days, the plants were harvested and dried. The total weight of foliar and floral material produced by each plant after removal of the stem was recorded. This mixture was then milled and the cannabinoid content studied using gas chromatography.
Two clones used for the production of clinical trials raw material were selected viz. M1 and M7. Twelve commercially available varieties were also selected. All were commonly used for illicit recreational purposes and were described as being derived from tropical or subtropical areas. Plants truly derived from these contrasting locations would be expected to differ in the natural duration of their flowering period.
Seedlings of each of the twelve commercial varieties were raised in the glasshouse in a twenty-four hour daylength. When sufficiently developed, cuttings were taken from each plant and encouraged to root using the standard method (section 5.4.2). The original plants, from which the cuttings were taken, were moved to a twelve-hour daylength regime to encourage flowering. All plants consequently identified as male were disposed of along with all cuttings taken from them prior to gender identification. Up to three female clone lines of each variety were retained for further evaluation, each being regarded as the most potent or prolifically flowering examples of their variety. Just one clone line was chosen for evaluation from four of the varieties. Two or three clone lines were selected from the remainder. In the latter case, these varieties had shown a high level of phenotypic variability.
The propagation regime was based on that used for regular production of THC for clinical trial (Section 5.4.2 – 5.4.
. However, a temporary installation of supplementary glasshouse lights was in place for this test and this gave a slightly lower minimum irradiance level of 40 W m-2 PAR. Fifteen plants of each clone were propagated and five of each harvested after six, eight and ten weeks in flower. Harvested plants were dried in a dehumidified environment (final humidity < 35%) for seven days and the floral and foliar material stripped from the stem. The floral and foliar material of the five replicate plants of each clone line were thoroughly mixed. Five small samples of approximately 1 g were taken at random from the mixture, blended and analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (Appendix 1).
All plants were propagated in the glasshouse using the standard materials and methods. Eighty plants of each selected clone line were grown in five-litre pots and maintained in constant twenty-four hour daylength for the first three weeks after potting. Thereafter half were transferred to a glasshouse area with a twelve-hour daylength and the remainder relocated to a similar glasshouse area with a thirteen-hour daylength regime. In both areas the glasshouse target irradiance level was 75 Wm-2. Within each regime, each clone line was divided into two batches of twenty plants. Single plant
batches of each clone line were placed alongside each other at a pot-density of 10 m-2. Plants were watered by hand throughout the test. Eight weeks after the move to short daylength, one batch of each clone was harvested and hung to dry. The remaining batches were harvested and dried fourteen days later.
NOTE: that 3 seperate harvest were taken (why I bolded it)
Then they did the test,,,,,,,
Comparison of the Yield and Uniformity of Plants Grown from Cuttings or Seeds
The yield of raw material obtained from plants grown from seed (494 g m-2) and cuttings (515 g m-2) was very similar. An analysis of variance (n = 30) showed this small difference not to be significant (p > 0.05). However, the mean THC content of the cloned plants (14.6% THC w/w) was significantly higher (ANOVA, p < 0.01) than those grown from seed (11.1% THC). As a consequence, the cloned plants produced significantly more THC per unit area - 75.4 g m-2 (p < 0.01, ANOVA) than those from seed - 54.9 g m-2. Clone M1 was one of five originally selected for further testing from approximately one hundred female plants of the variety G1. The selection was on the basis of its favourable ratings for vigour, yield, glandular trichome density, THC content and purity. The THC content of these one hundred plants had exhibited a normal distribution. It is not clear from this investigation whether the increased THC yield from the cloned material was entirely as a result of this selection process.
Only THC, CBG and CBC were found in detectable quantities in all samples. The mean CBG content seed sown plants was very similar to that collected from cloned plants, and no significant difference was found. Although the mean CBC content of cloned plants was 15% higher than that of seed derived plants, this increase was not significant (ANOVA, p > 0.05). F-tests showed the CBC potency of seed derived plants to be significantly more variable (p < 0.01). The difference in variability of CBG content of seed sown plants was much less pronounced. Seed derived plants were not significantly more variable in CBG potency than those raised from clones (p > 0.05). When the ratios of cannabinoids in the seed-sown and cloned plants were compared it was found that the cannabinoid profile of seeds-sown plants was more variable than that those raised from cuttings. F-tests showed that the CBC:THC ratio and CBG:THC ratios to be significantly more variable in plants grown from seed (p < 0.01).
NOTE: there is NO CBN indicated !!!
The forum nonsense about amber trics being a signal that THC is degrading to CBN is MYTH and beyond bullshit
I also like the point made that the clones had more THC than the from seed plants showing that allowing longer veg times on seeds is a must to reach plant maturity before flowering !!!
I don't like or condone the antics of big pharma, but am thankful that GW pharma gets to experiment with MJ and post their findings
the following quotes are from one such study
Specific Methods
5.4.2.1 Uniformity of Plants Grown from Cuttings or Seed
THC variety G1 was selected for this test. Thirty plants raised from cuttings were compared to a similar number raised from seeds. The clones were all derived from one plant and code named clone M1. For the seed sown crop, seedlings were raised as described in paragraph 5.4.1.1. For the plants raised from cuttings, the propagation timings and conditions were as described in paragraph 5.4.1.2. Ten days after sowing, eighty individual seedlings were transplanted into pots using identical materials and methods employed for the propagation of plants from cuttings. The rooted cuttings were also transplanted on the same day.
Three weeks after transplanting, the plants were moved to a twelve hour light / twelve hour dark regime to induce flowering. All male plants and excess female plants were removed to leave thirty seed and thirty clone derived plants. These were maintained in neighbouring blocks at a density of ten plants per square metre. Eight weeks after the move to twelve hour days, the plants were harvested and dried. The total weight of foliar and floral material produced by each plant after removal of the stem was recorded. This mixture was then milled and the cannabinoid content studied using gas chromatography.
Two clones used for the production of clinical trials raw material were selected viz. M1 and M7. Twelve commercially available varieties were also selected. All were commonly used for illicit recreational purposes and were described as being derived from tropical or subtropical areas. Plants truly derived from these contrasting locations would be expected to differ in the natural duration of their flowering period.
Seedlings of each of the twelve commercial varieties were raised in the glasshouse in a twenty-four hour daylength. When sufficiently developed, cuttings were taken from each plant and encouraged to root using the standard method (section 5.4.2). The original plants, from which the cuttings were taken, were moved to a twelve-hour daylength regime to encourage flowering. All plants consequently identified as male were disposed of along with all cuttings taken from them prior to gender identification. Up to three female clone lines of each variety were retained for further evaluation, each being regarded as the most potent or prolifically flowering examples of their variety. Just one clone line was chosen for evaluation from four of the varieties. Two or three clone lines were selected from the remainder. In the latter case, these varieties had shown a high level of phenotypic variability.
The propagation regime was based on that used for regular production of THC for clinical trial (Section 5.4.2 – 5.4.
All plants were propagated in the glasshouse using the standard materials and methods. Eighty plants of each selected clone line were grown in five-litre pots and maintained in constant twenty-four hour daylength for the first three weeks after potting. Thereafter half were transferred to a glasshouse area with a twelve-hour daylength and the remainder relocated to a similar glasshouse area with a thirteen-hour daylength regime. In both areas the glasshouse target irradiance level was 75 Wm-2. Within each regime, each clone line was divided into two batches of twenty plants. Single plant
batches of each clone line were placed alongside each other at a pot-density of 10 m-2. Plants were watered by hand throughout the test. Eight weeks after the move to short daylength, one batch of each clone was harvested and hung to dry. The remaining batches were harvested and dried fourteen days later.
NOTE: that 3 seperate harvest were taken (why I bolded it)
Then they did the test,,,,,,,
Comparison of the Yield and Uniformity of Plants Grown from Cuttings or Seeds
The yield of raw material obtained from plants grown from seed (494 g m-2) and cuttings (515 g m-2) was very similar. An analysis of variance (n = 30) showed this small difference not to be significant (p > 0.05). However, the mean THC content of the cloned plants (14.6% THC w/w) was significantly higher (ANOVA, p < 0.01) than those grown from seed (11.1% THC). As a consequence, the cloned plants produced significantly more THC per unit area - 75.4 g m-2 (p < 0.01, ANOVA) than those from seed - 54.9 g m-2. Clone M1 was one of five originally selected for further testing from approximately one hundred female plants of the variety G1. The selection was on the basis of its favourable ratings for vigour, yield, glandular trichome density, THC content and purity. The THC content of these one hundred plants had exhibited a normal distribution. It is not clear from this investigation whether the increased THC yield from the cloned material was entirely as a result of this selection process.
Only THC, CBG and CBC were found in detectable quantities in all samples. The mean CBG content seed sown plants was very similar to that collected from cloned plants, and no significant difference was found. Although the mean CBC content of cloned plants was 15% higher than that of seed derived plants, this increase was not significant (ANOVA, p > 0.05). F-tests showed the CBC potency of seed derived plants to be significantly more variable (p < 0.01). The difference in variability of CBG content of seed sown plants was much less pronounced. Seed derived plants were not significantly more variable in CBG potency than those raised from clones (p > 0.05). When the ratios of cannabinoids in the seed-sown and cloned plants were compared it was found that the cannabinoid profile of seeds-sown plants was more variable than that those raised from cuttings. F-tests showed that the CBC:THC ratio and CBG:THC ratios to be significantly more variable in plants grown from seed (p < 0.01).
NOTE: there is NO CBN indicated !!!
The forum nonsense about amber trics being a signal that THC is degrading to CBN is MYTH and beyond bullshit
I also like the point made that the clones had more THC than the from seed plants showing that allowing longer veg times on seeds is a must to reach plant maturity before flowering !!!
hogbud
Well-Known Member
Now I know your saying that is just one study how bout this one ,,,,,,
In this study heat was used to degrade THC and was then tested for CBN, the %'s were low at best ,,,,,
The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the bioadhesive profiles of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) polymer matrices as a function of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. In addition, the effect of processing temperature on the stability of THC and its extent of degradation to cannabinol (CBN) was investigated. A hot-melt cast molding method was used to prepare HPC polymer matrix systems incorporated with THC at 0, 4, 8, and 16 percent. Bioadhesive measurements including peak adhesive force, area under the curve, and elongation at adhesive failure were recorded utilizing the TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer. Data obtained from these tests at various contact time intervals suggested that the incorporation of THC led to an increase in the bioadhesive strength of the HPC polymer matrices. To determine the stability of THC and the resulting CBN content in the matrices, three different processing temperatures were utilized (120, 160, and 200 degrees C). Post-production High Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the processed systems contained at least 94% of THC and the relative percent formation of CBN was 0.5% at 120 degrees C and 0.4% at 160 degrees C compared to 1.6% at 200 degrees C. These findings indicate that the cannabinoid may be a plausible candidate for incorporation into systems utilizing hot-melt extrusion techniques for the development of an effective mucoadhesive transmucosal matrix system for delivery of THC. PMID:16455601
Repka, Michael A; ElSohly, Mahmoud A; Munjal, Manish; Ross, Samir A
2006-01-01
In this study heat was used to degrade THC and was then tested for CBN, the %'s were low at best ,,,,,
The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the bioadhesive profiles of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) polymer matrices as a function of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. In addition, the effect of processing temperature on the stability of THC and its extent of degradation to cannabinol (CBN) was investigated. A hot-melt cast molding method was used to prepare HPC polymer matrix systems incorporated with THC at 0, 4, 8, and 16 percent. Bioadhesive measurements including peak adhesive force, area under the curve, and elongation at adhesive failure were recorded utilizing the TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer. Data obtained from these tests at various contact time intervals suggested that the incorporation of THC led to an increase in the bioadhesive strength of the HPC polymer matrices. To determine the stability of THC and the resulting CBN content in the matrices, three different processing temperatures were utilized (120, 160, and 200 degrees C). Post-production High Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the processed systems contained at least 94% of THC and the relative percent formation of CBN was 0.5% at 120 degrees C and 0.4% at 160 degrees C compared to 1.6% at 200 degrees C. These findings indicate that the cannabinoid may be a plausible candidate for incorporation into systems utilizing hot-melt extrusion techniques for the development of an effective mucoadhesive transmucosal matrix system for delivery of THC. PMID:16455601
Repka, Michael A; ElSohly, Mahmoud A; Munjal, Manish; Ross, Samir A
2006-01-01
hogbud
Well-Known Member
and look at the next two,,,,,
Analysis of Cannabis Seizures in NSW, Australia: Cannabis Potency and Cannabinoid Profile
Recent analysis of the cannabinoid content of cannabis plants suggests a shift towards use of high potency plant material with high levels of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and low levels of other phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD). Use of this type of cannabis is thought by some to predispose to greater adverse outcomes on mental health and fewer therapeutic benefits. Australia has one of the highest per capita rates of cannabis use in the world yet there has been no previous systematic analysis of the cannabis being used. In the present study we examined the cannabinoid content of 206 cannabis samples that had been confiscated by police from recreational users holding 15 g of cannabis or less, under the New South Wales “Cannabis Cautioning” scheme. A further 26 “Known Provenance” samples were analysed that had been seized by police from larger indoor or outdoor cultivation sites rather than from street level users. An HPLC method was used to determine the content of 9 cannabinoids: THC, CBD, cannabigerol (CBG), and their plant-based carboxylic acid precursors THC-A, CBD-A and CBG-A, as well as cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN) and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THC-V). The “Cannabis Cautioning” samples showed high mean THC content (THC+THC-A?=?14.88%) and low mean CBD content (CBD+CBD-A?=?0.14%). A modest level of CBG was detected (CBG+CBG-A?=?1.18%) and very low levels of CBC, CBN and THC-V (<0.1%). “Known Provenance” samples showed no significant differences in THC content between those seized from indoor versus outdoor cultivation sites. The present analysis echoes trends reported in other countries towards the use of high potency cannabis with very low CBD content. The implications for public health outcomes and harm reduction strategies are discussed.
Li, Kong M.; Arnold, Jonathon C.; McGregor, Iain S.
2013-01-01
another similar study done in America, does not show the %'s but does state the levels did not change over the years,,,,
The analysis of 35,312 cannabis preparations confiscated in the USA over a period of 18 years for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and other major cannabinoids is reported. Samples were identified as cannabis, hashish, or hash oil. Cannabis samples were further subdivided into marijuana (loose material, kilobricks and buds), sinsemilla, Thai sticks and ditchweed. The data showed that more than 82% of all confiscated samples were in the marijuana category for every year except 1980 (61%) and 1981 (75%). The potency (concentration of delta9-THC) of marijuana samples rose from less than 1.5% in 1980 to approximately 3.3% in 1983 and 1984, then fluctuated around 3% till 1992. Since 1992, the potency of confiscated marijuana samples has continuously risen, going from 3.1% in 1992 to 4.2% in 1997. The average concentration of delta9-THC in all cannabis samples showed a gradual rise from 3% in 1991 to 4.47% in 1997. Hashish and hash oil, on the other hand, showed no specific potency trends. Other major cannabinoids [cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene (CBC)] showed no significant change in their concentration over the years.
Analysis of Cannabis Seizures in NSW, Australia: Cannabis Potency and Cannabinoid Profile
Recent analysis of the cannabinoid content of cannabis plants suggests a shift towards use of high potency plant material with high levels of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and low levels of other phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD). Use of this type of cannabis is thought by some to predispose to greater adverse outcomes on mental health and fewer therapeutic benefits. Australia has one of the highest per capita rates of cannabis use in the world yet there has been no previous systematic analysis of the cannabis being used. In the present study we examined the cannabinoid content of 206 cannabis samples that had been confiscated by police from recreational users holding 15 g of cannabis or less, under the New South Wales “Cannabis Cautioning” scheme. A further 26 “Known Provenance” samples were analysed that had been seized by police from larger indoor or outdoor cultivation sites rather than from street level users. An HPLC method was used to determine the content of 9 cannabinoids: THC, CBD, cannabigerol (CBG), and their plant-based carboxylic acid precursors THC-A, CBD-A and CBG-A, as well as cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN) and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THC-V). The “Cannabis Cautioning” samples showed high mean THC content (THC+THC-A?=?14.88%) and low mean CBD content (CBD+CBD-A?=?0.14%). A modest level of CBG was detected (CBG+CBG-A?=?1.18%) and very low levels of CBC, CBN and THC-V (<0.1%). “Known Provenance” samples showed no significant differences in THC content between those seized from indoor versus outdoor cultivation sites. The present analysis echoes trends reported in other countries towards the use of high potency cannabis with very low CBD content. The implications for public health outcomes and harm reduction strategies are discussed.
Li, Kong M.; Arnold, Jonathon C.; McGregor, Iain S.
2013-01-01
another similar study done in America, does not show the %'s but does state the levels did not change over the years,,,,
The analysis of 35,312 cannabis preparations confiscated in the USA over a period of 18 years for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and other major cannabinoids is reported. Samples were identified as cannabis, hashish, or hash oil. Cannabis samples were further subdivided into marijuana (loose material, kilobricks and buds), sinsemilla, Thai sticks and ditchweed. The data showed that more than 82% of all confiscated samples were in the marijuana category for every year except 1980 (61%) and 1981 (75%). The potency (concentration of delta9-THC) of marijuana samples rose from less than 1.5% in 1980 to approximately 3.3% in 1983 and 1984, then fluctuated around 3% till 1992. Since 1992, the potency of confiscated marijuana samples has continuously risen, going from 3.1% in 1992 to 4.2% in 1997. The average concentration of delta9-THC in all cannabis samples showed a gradual rise from 3% in 1991 to 4.47% in 1997. Hashish and hash oil, on the other hand, showed no specific potency trends. Other major cannabinoids [cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene (CBC)] showed no significant change in their concentration over the years.
hogbud
Well-Known Member
finally a quote from yet another book,,,,,
i) Resin Quantity and Quality - Resin production by the glandular trichomes varies. A strain may have many glandular trichomes but they may not secrete very much resin. Resin color also varies from strain to strain. Resin heads may darken and become more opaque as they mature, as suggested by several authors. Some strains, however, produce fresh resins that are transparent amber instead of clear and colorless, and these are often some of the most psycho active strains. Transparent resins, regardless of color, are a sign that the plant is actively carrying out resin biosynthesis. When biosynthesis ceases, resins turn opaque as cannabinoid and aromatic levels decline. Resin color is certainly an indication of the conditions inside the resin head, and this may prove to be another important criterion for breeding.
i) Resin Quantity and Quality - Resin production by the glandular trichomes varies. A strain may have many glandular trichomes but they may not secrete very much resin. Resin color also varies from strain to strain. Resin heads may darken and become more opaque as they mature, as suggested by several authors. Some strains, however, produce fresh resins that are transparent amber instead of clear and colorless, and these are often some of the most psycho active strains. Transparent resins, regardless of color, are a sign that the plant is actively carrying out resin biosynthesis. When biosynthesis ceases, resins turn opaque as cannabinoid and aromatic levels decline. Resin color is certainly an indication of the conditions inside the resin head, and this may prove to be another important criterion for breeding.
larrybobkins
Well-Known Member
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larrybobkins
Well-Known Member
an that's at 4 1/2 weeks of 9
neo12345
Well-Known Member
You go on to say that everything posted in these forums is BS, and then post information in the same forums?!
BlackWidowGrow
Well-Known Member
Just read through Marijuana Botany. Interesting stuff, only thing is that there isn't a single citation. Where was this information taken from? How did they test the presence of psychoactive chemicals? I am not saying it is wrong... I'm just skeptical about what I read online.
hogbud
Well-Known Member
Your loss, should've read the whole thread
hogbud
Well-Known Member
Yeah, that's good point, I should prolly not care and not share the truth, my life would be much easierYou go on to say that everything posted in these forums is BS, and then post information in the same forums?!
hogbud
Well-Known Member
well all the test I shared have citations and those test back it up Hell 3 of em came from science.gov
hogbud
Well-Known Member
There will always be opinions but they are not always the truth, some can't handle the truth, some don't wanna know the truth, but in the end the truth is still the truth
will it prevail is the question?
Commander Strax
Well-Known Member
hogbud
Well-Known Member
I have always started threads with controversy and then buried good stuff deep within so that folks reading the whole thread are rewarded
Commander Strax
Well-Known Member
hogbud
Well-Known Member
To be fair, I did find one study where the amber trics had all turned to CBN, it was in a 2700 hundred year old tomb in China, actually very interesting,,,,
http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/15/4171.full
http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/15/4171.full
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