potency of mushrooms
- Thread starter Nootnam
- Start date
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
Right on .... Im bored right now so I'm just pulling a finshaggy.
Cool. I appreciate the info and pics.
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
Another useful copy and paste
The links in this article should work feel free to learn more!!!!
Fungi reproduce asexually by disseminating spores. Mushrooms, along with bacteria and molds, break down waste materials. They are known as scavengers, saprophytes or parasites. A scavenger is an organism that feeds off of another dead organism, in this case, usually dead wood.
Fungi begin their life cycle as spores, released into the environment by a mature mushroom. The spores are carried by wind or are redeposited by an animal. Once the spores are in a resting state, a fine web of mycelium begins to cover the spores. Growing at a rapid pace, mycelium gains nutrients and continues to develop into a network, eventually forming into tight, circular colonies. These small colonies begin to emerge from the web of mycelium and are known as mushroom primordium. From mycelium to primordium, the process only takes a few days to a week or two. From the primordium, the fruiting body, or mushroom, begins to grow. As the fruitbody grows, the parts of the mushroom develop. If it is a basidiomycete, basidia begin to develop on the edges along the gills inside the cap. The basidia eventually develop into full-grown spores and wait to be liberated from the cap.
The life of a mushroom-----
mushroom info-
Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions including "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly). In actuality all species of mushrooms take several days to form primordial mushroom fruitbodies, though they do expand rapidly by the absorption of fluids. The cultivated mushroom as well as the common field mushroom initially form a minute fruiting body, referred to as the pin stage because of their small size. Slightly expanded they are called buttons, once again because of the relative size and shape. Once such stages are formed, the mushroom can rapidly pull in water from its mycelium and expand, mainly by inflating preformed cells that took several days to form in the primordia. Similarly, there are even more ephemeral mushrooms, like Parasola plicatilis ([1] formerly Coprinus plicatlis), that literally appear overnight and may disappear by late afternoon on a hot day after rainfall. The primordia form at ground level in lawns in humid spaces under the thatch and after heavy rainfall or in dewy conditions balloon to full size in a few hours, release spores, and then collapse. They "mushroom" to full size. The slang term "mushrooms" is a gang-related term for victims accidentally shot as collateral damage simply because they popped up suddenly, as do fungal mushrooms.[4]
Not all mushrooms expand overnight; some grow very slowly and add tissue to their fruitbodies by growing from the edges of the colony or by inserting hyphae
Though mushrooms are thought to be short-lived, the fungus that forms the mushroom fruitbodies can itself be long-lived and massive. A colony of Armillaria ostoyae in Malheur National Forest in the United States is estimated to be 2,400 years old, possibly older, and spans an estimated 2,200 acres. Most of the fungus is underground and in decaying wood or dying tree roots in the form of white mycelia combined with black shoelace-like rhizomorphs that bridge colonized separated woody substrates.[5]
Main article: Psychedelic mushrooms
Psilocybin mushrooms possess psychedelic properties. They are commonly known as "magic mushrooms" "mush" or "shrooms" and are available in smart shops in many parts of the world, though some countries have outlawed their sale. A number of other mushrooms are eaten for their psychoactive effects, such as fly agaric, which is used for shamanic purposes by tribes in northeast Siberia, Russia. They have also been used in the West to potentiate, or increase, religious experiences. Because of their psychoactive properties, some mushrooms have played a role in native medicine, where they have been used in an attempt to effect mental and physical healing, and to facilitate visionary states. One such ritual is the Velada ceremony. A practitioner of traditional mushroom use is the shaman and curandera (priest-healer) María Sabina.
Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Psilocybe cubensis belongs to the Strophariaceae family of fungi and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis. The mushroom's cap is reddish-cinnamon brown to golden brown in color with white to yellowish stipe and will turn bluish/greenish when bruised.[1]
·
Psilocybe cubensis is a coprophilic fungus (one that prefers to grow on dung or manured soils) that often colonizes the dung of large herbivores, most notably cows and other grazing mammals. It prefers humid grasslands and has been found in tropical and subtropical environments. In the US, it is sometimes found growing wild in the South, generally below the 35th parallel in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas.[2] It is found in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadalupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Fiji.[2]
This species was first described as Stropharia cubensis by F.S. Earle in Cuba in 1904 (hence the specific name). The name Psilocybe is derived from the Greek roots psilos (ψιλος) and kubê (κυβη) and translates as "bald head". It was later identified independently as Naematoloma caerulescens in Tonkin in 1907 by N. Patouillard and as Stropharia cyanescens by W.A. Murrill in 1941 in Florida. These synonyms were later assigned to the species Psilocybe cubensis.
[edit] Entheogenic use
Its major psychoactive compounds are:
· Psilocybin (4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
· Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
· Baeocystin (4-Phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine)
· Norbaeocystin (4-Phosphoryloxytryptamine)
Individual brain chemistry and psychological predisposition play a significant role in determining appropriate doses. For a modest psychedelic effect, a minimum of one gram of dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is ingested orally. 0.25-1 gram is usually sufficient to produce a mild effect, 1-2.5 grams usually provides a moderate effect. 2.5 grams and higher usually produces strong effects.[3] For most people, 3.5 dried grams (1/8 oz) would be considered a high dose and may produce an intense experience. For many individuals doses above 3 grams may be overwhelming. For a few rare people, doses as small as 0.25 grams can produce full-blown effects normally associated with very high doses. For most people, however, that dose level would result in virtually no effects. Due to factors such as age and storage method, the psilocybin content of a given sample of mushrooms will vary. Therefore, some users prefer to use a formula or dosage calculator [4] to tailor the dosage to the level they wish to experience.
Effects usually start after approximately 20-60 minutes (depending on method of ingestion and stomach contents) and may last from four to five hours, depending on dosage. Hallucinatory effects often occur, including walls that seem to breathe, a vivid enhancement of colors and the animation of organic shapes. At higher doses, experiences tend to be less social and more entheogenic, often intense and spiritual in nature.
It's nearly impossible to overdose on psilocybin mushrooms since one would have to consume several dozen pounds of fresh mushrooms .[5] Nevertheless, the effects of very high doses can be overwhelming. Depending on the particular strain, growth method, and age at harvest, Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms can come in rather different sizes. It is recommended that one weigh the actual mushrooms, as opposed to simply counting them. People taking MAOIs need to be careful, as psilocybin and psilocin are metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. A MAOI reduces the body's ability to handle the mushrooms (roughly doubling their potency), and can lead to an unpleasant, prolonged, or dangerously strong experience.
The links in this article should work feel free to learn more!!!!
Fungi reproduce asexually by disseminating spores. Mushrooms, along with bacteria and molds, break down waste materials. They are known as scavengers, saprophytes or parasites. A scavenger is an organism that feeds off of another dead organism, in this case, usually dead wood.
Fungi begin their life cycle as spores, released into the environment by a mature mushroom. The spores are carried by wind or are redeposited by an animal. Once the spores are in a resting state, a fine web of mycelium begins to cover the spores. Growing at a rapid pace, mycelium gains nutrients and continues to develop into a network, eventually forming into tight, circular colonies. These small colonies begin to emerge from the web of mycelium and are known as mushroom primordium. From mycelium to primordium, the process only takes a few days to a week or two. From the primordium, the fruiting body, or mushroom, begins to grow. As the fruitbody grows, the parts of the mushroom develop. If it is a basidiomycete, basidia begin to develop on the edges along the gills inside the cap. The basidia eventually develop into full-grown spores and wait to be liberated from the cap.
The life of a mushroom-----
mushroom info-
Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions including "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly). In actuality all species of mushrooms take several days to form primordial mushroom fruitbodies, though they do expand rapidly by the absorption of fluids. The cultivated mushroom as well as the common field mushroom initially form a minute fruiting body, referred to as the pin stage because of their small size. Slightly expanded they are called buttons, once again because of the relative size and shape. Once such stages are formed, the mushroom can rapidly pull in water from its mycelium and expand, mainly by inflating preformed cells that took several days to form in the primordia. Similarly, there are even more ephemeral mushrooms, like Parasola plicatilis ([1] formerly Coprinus plicatlis), that literally appear overnight and may disappear by late afternoon on a hot day after rainfall. The primordia form at ground level in lawns in humid spaces under the thatch and after heavy rainfall or in dewy conditions balloon to full size in a few hours, release spores, and then collapse. They "mushroom" to full size. The slang term "mushrooms" is a gang-related term for victims accidentally shot as collateral damage simply because they popped up suddenly, as do fungal mushrooms.[4]
Not all mushrooms expand overnight; some grow very slowly and add tissue to their fruitbodies by growing from the edges of the colony or by inserting hyphae
Though mushrooms are thought to be short-lived, the fungus that forms the mushroom fruitbodies can itself be long-lived and massive. A colony of Armillaria ostoyae in Malheur National Forest in the United States is estimated to be 2,400 years old, possibly older, and spans an estimated 2,200 acres. Most of the fungus is underground and in decaying wood or dying tree roots in the form of white mycelia combined with black shoelace-like rhizomorphs that bridge colonized separated woody substrates.[5]
Main article: Psychedelic mushrooms
Psilocybin mushrooms possess psychedelic properties. They are commonly known as "magic mushrooms" "mush" or "shrooms" and are available in smart shops in many parts of the world, though some countries have outlawed their sale. A number of other mushrooms are eaten for their psychoactive effects, such as fly agaric, which is used for shamanic purposes by tribes in northeast Siberia, Russia. They have also been used in the West to potentiate, or increase, religious experiences. Because of their psychoactive properties, some mushrooms have played a role in native medicine, where they have been used in an attempt to effect mental and physical healing, and to facilitate visionary states. One such ritual is the Velada ceremony. A practitioner of traditional mushroom use is the shaman and curandera (priest-healer) María Sabina.
Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Psilocybe cubensis belongs to the Strophariaceae family of fungi and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis. The mushroom's cap is reddish-cinnamon brown to golden brown in color with white to yellowish stipe and will turn bluish/greenish when bruised.[1]
·
Psilocybe cubensis is a coprophilic fungus (one that prefers to grow on dung or manured soils) that often colonizes the dung of large herbivores, most notably cows and other grazing mammals. It prefers humid grasslands and has been found in tropical and subtropical environments. In the US, it is sometimes found growing wild in the South, generally below the 35th parallel in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas.[2] It is found in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadalupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Fiji.[2]
This species was first described as Stropharia cubensis by F.S. Earle in Cuba in 1904 (hence the specific name). The name Psilocybe is derived from the Greek roots psilos (ψιλος) and kubê (κυβη) and translates as "bald head". It was later identified independently as Naematoloma caerulescens in Tonkin in 1907 by N. Patouillard and as Stropharia cyanescens by W.A. Murrill in 1941 in Florida. These synonyms were later assigned to the species Psilocybe cubensis.
[edit] Entheogenic use
Its major psychoactive compounds are:
· Psilocybin (4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
· Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
· Baeocystin (4-Phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine)
· Norbaeocystin (4-Phosphoryloxytryptamine)
Individual brain chemistry and psychological predisposition play a significant role in determining appropriate doses. For a modest psychedelic effect, a minimum of one gram of dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is ingested orally. 0.25-1 gram is usually sufficient to produce a mild effect, 1-2.5 grams usually provides a moderate effect. 2.5 grams and higher usually produces strong effects.[3] For most people, 3.5 dried grams (1/8 oz) would be considered a high dose and may produce an intense experience. For many individuals doses above 3 grams may be overwhelming. For a few rare people, doses as small as 0.25 grams can produce full-blown effects normally associated with very high doses. For most people, however, that dose level would result in virtually no effects. Due to factors such as age and storage method, the psilocybin content of a given sample of mushrooms will vary. Therefore, some users prefer to use a formula or dosage calculator [4] to tailor the dosage to the level they wish to experience.
Effects usually start after approximately 20-60 minutes (depending on method of ingestion and stomach contents) and may last from four to five hours, depending on dosage. Hallucinatory effects often occur, including walls that seem to breathe, a vivid enhancement of colors and the animation of organic shapes. At higher doses, experiences tend to be less social and more entheogenic, often intense and spiritual in nature.
It's nearly impossible to overdose on psilocybin mushrooms since one would have to consume several dozen pounds of fresh mushrooms .[5] Nevertheless, the effects of very high doses can be overwhelming. Depending on the particular strain, growth method, and age at harvest, Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms can come in rather different sizes. It is recommended that one weigh the actual mushrooms, as opposed to simply counting them. People taking MAOIs need to be careful, as psilocybin and psilocin are metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. A MAOI reduces the body's ability to handle the mushrooms (roughly doubling their potency), and can lead to an unpleasant, prolonged, or dangerously strong experience.
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
Dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms
[edit] Legality
Although it is illegal in many countries to possess psilocybin-containing mushrooms or mycelium (which can contain psychoactive substances at certain stages), it is legal in several places to own and sell spores. In the United States only the psychoactive compounds (see above) are scheduled under federal law. The spores do not contain either (but possession is prohibited by state law in Idaho, Georgia and California).[6]
[edit] Cultivation
Personal-scale cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms ranges from the relatively simple and small-scale PF Tek and other "cake" methods, that produce a limited amount of mushrooms, to advanced techniques utilizing methods of professional mushroom cultivators, such as Paul Stamets. These advanced methods require a greater investment of time, money, and knowledge, but reward the diligent cultivator with far larger and much more consistent harvests. A number of books and online guides have been written that discuss the various techniques. The Shroomery and Mycotopia are two of the largest and most notable internet communities dedicated to sharing this type of information, another being ShroomTalk. Extreme caution is suggested if one is seeking to find psilocybin mushrooms in the wild; there are many mushrooms that look similar to Psilocybe cubensis that are actually poisonous.
1. ^ botit.botany.wisc.edu - The lobster mushroom
2. ^ Chang, S., and Miles, P.G., Mushrooms, Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, CRC Press, 2004
3. ^ Ramsbottom J (1954). Mushrooms & Toadstools. A study of the Activities of Fungi.
4. ^ Sherman LW et al (1989). "Stray bullets and “mushrooms”: Random shootings of bystanders in four cities, 1977–1988". J. Quantitative Criminology 5(4): 297-316.
5. ^ A Fungus Among Us. Extreme Science (n.d.). Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
6. ^ "Bringing Mushrooms Out of the Dark", MSNBC, April 18 2006. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
Psilocybe cubensis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Psilocybe cubensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Psilocybe
Species: P. cubensis
Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Psilocybe cubensis belongs to the Strophariaceae family of fungi and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis. The mushroom's cap is reddish-cinnamon brown to golden brown in color with white to yellowish stipe and will turn bluish/greenish when bruised.[1]
Contents[hide]· 1 Overview · 2 Entheogenic use · 3 Legality · 4 Cultivation · 5 Notes · 6 Further reading · 7 External links
Overview
Dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms
Legality
Although it is illegal in many countries to possess psilocybin-con
P. cubensis growing in a culture medium
1. ^ Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Ten Speed Press, pg. 108. ISBN 0-89815-839-7.
2. ^ a b A Worldwide Geographic Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi
3. ^ Erowid (2006). Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Dosage (shtml). Erowid. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
4. ^ http://www.shroomery.org/6257/Magic-Mushroom-Dosage-Calculator
5. ^ Shroomery (2006). How many dried mushrooms would I have to eat to die from an overdose of psilocybin?. Mind Media. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
6. ^ Erowid (2006). Legality of Psilocybin Mushroom Spores (shtml). Erowid. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
Further reading
· Nicholas, L.G.; Ogame, Kerry (2006). Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook: Easy Indoor and Outdoor Cultivation. Quick American Archives. ISBN 0-932551-71-8.
· Oss, O.T.; O.N. Oeric (1976). Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Quick American Publishing Company. ISBN 0-932551-06-8.
· Stamets, Paul; Chilton, J.S. (1983). Mushroom Cultivator, The. Olympia: Agarikon Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
· Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
[edit] Legality
Although it is illegal in many countries to possess psilocybin-containing mushrooms or mycelium (which can contain psychoactive substances at certain stages), it is legal in several places to own and sell spores. In the United States only the psychoactive compounds (see above) are scheduled under federal law. The spores do not contain either (but possession is prohibited by state law in Idaho, Georgia and California).[6]
[edit] Cultivation
Personal-scale cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms ranges from the relatively simple and small-scale PF Tek and other "cake" methods, that produce a limited amount of mushrooms, to advanced techniques utilizing methods of professional mushroom cultivators, such as Paul Stamets. These advanced methods require a greater investment of time, money, and knowledge, but reward the diligent cultivator with far larger and much more consistent harvests. A number of books and online guides have been written that discuss the various techniques. The Shroomery and Mycotopia are two of the largest and most notable internet communities dedicated to sharing this type of information, another being ShroomTalk. Extreme caution is suggested if one is seeking to find psilocybin mushrooms in the wild; there are many mushrooms that look similar to Psilocybe cubensis that are actually poisonous.
1. ^ botit.botany.wisc.edu - The lobster mushroom
2. ^ Chang, S., and Miles, P.G., Mushrooms, Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, CRC Press, 2004
3. ^ Ramsbottom J (1954). Mushrooms & Toadstools. A study of the Activities of Fungi.
4. ^ Sherman LW et al (1989). "Stray bullets and “mushrooms”: Random shootings of bystanders in four cities, 1977–1988". J. Quantitative Criminology 5(4): 297-316.
5. ^ A Fungus Among Us. Extreme Science (n.d.). Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
6. ^ "Bringing Mushrooms Out of the Dark", MSNBC, April 18 2006. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
Psilocybe cubensis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Psilocybe cubensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Psilocybe
Species: P. cubensis
Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Psilocybe cubensis belongs to the Strophariaceae family of fungi and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis. The mushroom's cap is reddish-cinnamon brown to golden brown in color with white to yellowish stipe and will turn bluish/greenish when bruised.[1]
Contents[hide]· 1 Overview · 2 Entheogenic use · 3 Legality · 4 Cultivation · 5 Notes · 6 Further reading · 7 External links
Overview
Dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms
Legality
Although it is illegal in many countries to possess psilocybin-con
P. cubensis growing in a culture medium
1. ^ Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Ten Speed Press, pg. 108. ISBN 0-89815-839-7.
2. ^ a b A Worldwide Geographic Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi
3. ^ Erowid (2006). Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Dosage (shtml). Erowid. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
4. ^ http://www.shroomery.org/6257/Magic-Mushroom-Dosage-Calculator
5. ^ Shroomery (2006). How many dried mushrooms would I have to eat to die from an overdose of psilocybin?. Mind Media. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
6. ^ Erowid (2006). Legality of Psilocybin Mushroom Spores (shtml). Erowid. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
Further reading
· Nicholas, L.G.; Ogame, Kerry (2006). Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook: Easy Indoor and Outdoor Cultivation. Quick American Archives. ISBN 0-932551-71-8.
· Oss, O.T.; O.N. Oeric (1976). Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Quick American Publishing Company. ISBN 0-932551-06-8.
· Stamets, Paul; Chilton, J.S. (1983). Mushroom Cultivator, The. Olympia: Agarikon Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
· Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
Anybody ever research or try Lepiota humei? Supposedly has to be eaten fresh and contains dmt,lsa as well as psilocin and other good stuff...
Taken from _The Mushroom Culture_(c) 1993, Issue #21, July 1993.
Available from FMRC.
PEELE'S LEPIOTA STORY AS TOLD BY S.L PEELE HIMSELF
...for all the "expert" know it alls
During the late 1970's I was devoting a lot of time collecting
different mushroom samples from pasture areas. Cow pastures to be exact.
I was collecting from Hernando, MS to Pensacola, FL. It was in the Florida area
I first noticed the white mushroom. I was intrigued by the dark and bright red
bruising. It also had white spores and not dark ones like most of the other
mushrooms I had been collecting. I first only noticed them in cow pastures, then
in gardens where cow manure had been used for fertilizer. There seemed to be a
connection with animal dung, but I had never seen the mushroom growing directly
from any dung.
Every once in a while I would run into other mushroom collectors.
Some of the psychoactive hunters talked about eating this white mushroom
and reported that it had a psychoactive effect. I was told that it was
different from what was produced by Ps. cubensis. I was now more intrigued
than ever by this mushroom.
I never saw one of these mushroom hunters eat one of the white
mushrooms, so I was somewhat skeptical. I continued trying to locate
some information on the mushroom using the library at West Florida
University....no luck. I did however believe that it was a mushroom in
the genus Lepiota. I was also aware that Lepiota had some species that
were rather toxic. I collected several of the mushrooms one afternoon
and ate a small portion to see if there was any toxic effect. The flesh
that I ate from the cap hardly had any taste. It was only slightly earthy
tasting. Three days went by with no sign of any effects. On this third
day I collected several more of the white mushrooms. I ate three average
sized mushrooms. I again noted that they really had no taste, only a little
earthy taste. Ps. cubensis has a strong and somewhat unpleasant taste to
me. Using this for a crude standard, I though that nothing was going to
happen from such a tasteless mushroom, and I remember feeling silly about
even believing the "magic" story. My wife and I then went to the University
again to do some reference gathering.
It had been close to an hour since eating the white mushrooms when I
suddenly felt myself "changed". I was having difficulties in reading. The
letters would not clear up so that I could read the print. Black waving
lines then appeared and reading was impossible. I told my wife that
something was happening to me. I did not feel intoxicated, only a slight
lightness was noticed. My eyes however were hard to focus. I remember
seeing large, floating, balls of color, and the black waving lines. I had
my wife drive us back to our room.
I was not aware of any Lepiota mushrooms that produced psychoactive
effects. Because I could not find anything on this mushroom, I published a
ms. on this mushroom to alert other mycologists. I sent out a few to other
people with mushroom interests. One of these people was Paul Stamets. He
show the ms. to Jeremy Bigwood at The Evergreen State Collfege. I received
the following letter from Jeremy.
Taken from _The Mushroom Culture_(c) 1993, Issue #21, July 1993.
Available from FMRC.
PEELE'S LEPIOTA STORY AS TOLD BY S.L PEELE HIMSELF
...for all the "expert" know it alls
During the late 1970's I was devoting a lot of time collecting
different mushroom samples from pasture areas. Cow pastures to be exact.
I was collecting from Hernando, MS to Pensacola, FL. It was in the Florida area
I first noticed the white mushroom. I was intrigued by the dark and bright red
bruising. It also had white spores and not dark ones like most of the other
mushrooms I had been collecting. I first only noticed them in cow pastures, then
in gardens where cow manure had been used for fertilizer. There seemed to be a
connection with animal dung, but I had never seen the mushroom growing directly
from any dung.
Every once in a while I would run into other mushroom collectors.
Some of the psychoactive hunters talked about eating this white mushroom
and reported that it had a psychoactive effect. I was told that it was
different from what was produced by Ps. cubensis. I was now more intrigued
than ever by this mushroom.
I never saw one of these mushroom hunters eat one of the white
mushrooms, so I was somewhat skeptical. I continued trying to locate
some information on the mushroom using the library at West Florida
University....no luck. I did however believe that it was a mushroom in
the genus Lepiota. I was also aware that Lepiota had some species that
were rather toxic. I collected several of the mushrooms one afternoon
and ate a small portion to see if there was any toxic effect. The flesh
that I ate from the cap hardly had any taste. It was only slightly earthy
tasting. Three days went by with no sign of any effects. On this third
day I collected several more of the white mushrooms. I ate three average
sized mushrooms. I again noted that they really had no taste, only a little
earthy taste. Ps. cubensis has a strong and somewhat unpleasant taste to
me. Using this for a crude standard, I though that nothing was going to
happen from such a tasteless mushroom, and I remember feeling silly about
even believing the "magic" story. My wife and I then went to the University
again to do some reference gathering.
It had been close to an hour since eating the white mushrooms when I
suddenly felt myself "changed". I was having difficulties in reading. The
letters would not clear up so that I could read the print. Black waving
lines then appeared and reading was impossible. I told my wife that
something was happening to me. I did not feel intoxicated, only a slight
lightness was noticed. My eyes however were hard to focus. I remember
seeing large, floating, balls of color, and the black waving lines. I had
my wife drive us back to our room.
I was not aware of any Lepiota mushrooms that produced psychoactive
effects. Because I could not find anything on this mushroom, I published a
ms. on this mushroom to alert other mycologists. I sent out a few to other
people with mushroom interests. One of these people was Paul Stamets. He
show the ms. to Jeremy Bigwood at The Evergreen State Collfege. I received
the following letter from Jeremy.
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
Ethnopharmacology,
Lab 1., Room 3052,
The Evergreen State
College, Olympia, WA
90210
Mr. Stephen L. Peele,
Florida Mycology Research Centre,
P.O. Box 0000,
Pensacola, Flordia, 11111.
Dear Mr. Peele,
Paul Stamets showed me your ms. on _Lepiota peele_ peele.
Needless to say everyone is quite intrigued by a new
'hallucinogenic' mushroom species. We, at the Evergreen State
College are especially interested and have been, for the last
four years involved in chemical research with both psilocybin
and isoxazolian species. Perhaps the Lepiota that bears your
name is a new species containing a yet unknown drug.
Our team would be greatly interested in collaborating
with you on a scientific paper concerning taxonomic and chemical
aspects of this novel mushroom. I am sure you are aware of our
contributions to this field, and in March, the _Journal of
Ethnopharmacology_ will contain two papers of interest to you.
For analysis, we would need no more than three specimens
(dried) of this species. Each should weigh over a gram.**
No doubt you have been approached by other chemists working
with mushrooms. To decide with whom to work - merely look at their
papers in print. If you do ont wish to work with our team - that is
fine, but I must recommend that you find a good chemist to identify
the active compound(s).
Sincerely,
Jeremy Bigwood
February 4th, 1982
** It may take more if the drug is an 'unknown'.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
I took Jeremy up on his offer. The only thing that I asked of him
was that any new compounds would not be named. I wanted all areas of
research done without having the government make anything illegal. I felt
that if a psychoactive compound was found and then named, all the government
had to do was to say "whatever compound name" was illegal to have. Jeremy
agreed and we started exchanging information and specimens to be tested. I
then concentrated a large amount of time on this mushroom. The more I
studied the mushroom in the wild, the more questions I had.
During this particular collecting season, which by the way is during
the two hottest months in the summer, July and August, there were several
weeks that went by when afternoon rains come every day. The mycelium came
up from the ground and started feeding on a pasture grass which I later
found out was "Bermuda Grass". The mycelium built a "covering" over areas
30 by 50 feet, feeding on the grass. I remember seeing this "Mat Condition"
when I picked the mushrooms I ate the day I went to the University. I could
not remember seeing the Mat Condition on the day I ate the small sample. I
thought that this Mat Condition was very important because it allowed the
mushroom's mycelium to feed on a substrate that was not normal. It had the
broader analysis of nutrients. I later concluded that this is exactly what
Lab 1., Room 3052,
The Evergreen State
College, Olympia, WA
90210
Mr. Stephen L. Peele,
Florida Mycology Research Centre,
P.O. Box 0000,
Pensacola, Flordia, 11111.
Dear Mr. Peele,
Paul Stamets showed me your ms. on _Lepiota peele_ peele.
Needless to say everyone is quite intrigued by a new
'hallucinogenic' mushroom species. We, at the Evergreen State
College are especially interested and have been, for the last
four years involved in chemical research with both psilocybin
and isoxazolian species. Perhaps the Lepiota that bears your
name is a new species containing a yet unknown drug.
Our team would be greatly interested in collaborating
with you on a scientific paper concerning taxonomic and chemical
aspects of this novel mushroom. I am sure you are aware of our
contributions to this field, and in March, the _Journal of
Ethnopharmacology_ will contain two papers of interest to you.
For analysis, we would need no more than three specimens
(dried) of this species. Each should weigh over a gram.**
No doubt you have been approached by other chemists working
with mushrooms. To decide with whom to work - merely look at their
papers in print. If you do ont wish to work with our team - that is
fine, but I must recommend that you find a good chemist to identify
the active compound(s).
Sincerely,
Jeremy Bigwood
February 4th, 1982
** It may take more if the drug is an 'unknown'.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
I took Jeremy up on his offer. The only thing that I asked of him
was that any new compounds would not be named. I wanted all areas of
research done without having the government make anything illegal. I felt
that if a psychoactive compound was found and then named, all the government
had to do was to say "whatever compound name" was illegal to have. Jeremy
agreed and we started exchanging information and specimens to be tested. I
then concentrated a large amount of time on this mushroom. The more I
studied the mushroom in the wild, the more questions I had.
During this particular collecting season, which by the way is during
the two hottest months in the summer, July and August, there were several
weeks that went by when afternoon rains come every day. The mycelium came
up from the ground and started feeding on a pasture grass which I later
found out was "Bermuda Grass". The mycelium built a "covering" over areas
30 by 50 feet, feeding on the grass. I remember seeing this "Mat Condition"
when I picked the mushrooms I ate the day I went to the University. I could
not remember seeing the Mat Condition on the day I ate the small sample. I
thought that this Mat Condition was very important because it allowed the
mushroom's mycelium to feed on a substrate that was not normal. It had the
broader analysis of nutrients. I later concluded that this is exactly what
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
is going on. The mycelium mat was also very tough. It was not fragile or
delicate like you think it would be. It took a firm grip to hold on to it
and it would hold on to the grass tearing it out by the roots when it was
pulled up off the ground.
Take Psilocybe Cyanescens for example. Most of you might know that
this is one of the most powerful of all psychoactive mushrooms. I have
talked to other people who ate this mushroom. Some, who by the way could
boast about how many Psilocybe cybensis mushrooms they could eat, can't
even look at a mushroom they might see in the grocery store..........I
would advise anybody to go lightly on this one. The point I want to make
is that this mushroom, and Psilocybe pelliculosa, prove the somewhat theory
I have. When these mushrooms are grown under liquid media, they do not
produce any psilocybin or psilocin. This was also found to be true by P.
Catalfomo and V.E. Tyler, Jr.. They published the same findings about
Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe pelliculosa......they do not produce
psilocybing or any other analogs (Catalfomo, P. and V.E. Tyler, Jr. _The
production of psilocybin in submerged culture of Psilocybe cubensis_
LLoydia 27:53-63, 1964). However, once the mycelium of one of these two
is transferred to an agar or grain media, it does produce psilocybin and
psilocin. This finding sets the stage for a landmark statement by myself.
Using Psilocybe cyanescens and Ps. pelliculosa for standards, I suggest
that "in some types of mushrooms the mycelium may find it's way to a new
feeding substrate and this new substrate that is not normally used by the
particular mushroom or will support complete growth of said mushroom,
allows the mushroom to produce compounds not normally produced because of
the addition of needed nutrients. In these cases, the mushroom was always
capable of producing such compounds but the needed nutrients were never
there on the normal substrate." This phenomenon may very well explain why
some mycologists and mushroom hunters suddenly become ill after eating a
mushroom they identified as a safe edible (eaten many times by the same
victim). Say for instance you found an Oyster mushroom growing from a
large fallen tree. On the tree was say some raccoon dung that the Oyster's
mycelium grew out on.........this would supply new and different nutrients
not usually found by the Oyster mushroom. The mycelium in turn uses the new
nutrients and produces a bad toxin. You pick mushrooms produced in the dung
area and suddenly you are telling everybody you were poisoned by an Oyster
mushroom......and you know without a doubt that no misidentification
had occurred. How many times have I heard this story? This may be what is
going on with the Peele's Lepiota. I now know that when these Lepiota
mushrooms are picked and there is no mat condition, there are no effects.
I also now know the pH of the fruiting area is also paramount. I had
sent Jeremy some soil samples from where I had collected the Lepiota and
he confirmed thath the pH of 4 - 5.6 (the pH of the soil samples I sent)
was very important. I wondered why the pH in the areas so acid like, and
I later found out. When the cows would lay down for the night, they would
all lay sort of close together. In the morning when they woke up, they
would all stand and urinate in the area.......this is what was changing the
pH.
Oct. 1, 1982, Jeremy writes to me saying the following: "A test in
Sprague Dawley rats is underway. No deaths yet - but I am waiting to see
the offspring who ate (without coaxing) and without any other food, a 2.5
gram fresh (cap unopened) specimen. In the growth chambers I continually
notice that young specimens have a volva - and these become caved at
maturity - with having white fuzz - rendering the volva invisible - can you
check field specimens?" When I checked field specimens I found the same
thing. The very young mushrooms did have a volva, but when the mushroom
matured, it had no volva or any signs that one was once there. Jeremy
continued his trials with the rats never seeing any effects from the Lepiota
mushroom.
Jeremy then started telling me in his letter of Oct. 12, 1982, that
Michael Beug and his one time student Paul Stamets were continually
harassing him for working with me on the Lepiota mushroom. Paul's gripe
was that I named the mushroom after myself. This is untrue as Jeremy and
delicate like you think it would be. It took a firm grip to hold on to it
and it would hold on to the grass tearing it out by the roots when it was
pulled up off the ground.
Take Psilocybe Cyanescens for example. Most of you might know that
this is one of the most powerful of all psychoactive mushrooms. I have
talked to other people who ate this mushroom. Some, who by the way could
boast about how many Psilocybe cybensis mushrooms they could eat, can't
even look at a mushroom they might see in the grocery store..........I
would advise anybody to go lightly on this one. The point I want to make
is that this mushroom, and Psilocybe pelliculosa, prove the somewhat theory
I have. When these mushrooms are grown under liquid media, they do not
produce any psilocybin or psilocin. This was also found to be true by P.
Catalfomo and V.E. Tyler, Jr.. They published the same findings about
Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe pelliculosa......they do not produce
psilocybing or any other analogs (Catalfomo, P. and V.E. Tyler, Jr. _The
production of psilocybin in submerged culture of Psilocybe cubensis_
LLoydia 27:53-63, 1964). However, once the mycelium of one of these two
is transferred to an agar or grain media, it does produce psilocybin and
psilocin. This finding sets the stage for a landmark statement by myself.
Using Psilocybe cyanescens and Ps. pelliculosa for standards, I suggest
that "in some types of mushrooms the mycelium may find it's way to a new
feeding substrate and this new substrate that is not normally used by the
particular mushroom or will support complete growth of said mushroom,
allows the mushroom to produce compounds not normally produced because of
the addition of needed nutrients. In these cases, the mushroom was always
capable of producing such compounds but the needed nutrients were never
there on the normal substrate." This phenomenon may very well explain why
some mycologists and mushroom hunters suddenly become ill after eating a
mushroom they identified as a safe edible (eaten many times by the same
victim). Say for instance you found an Oyster mushroom growing from a
large fallen tree. On the tree was say some raccoon dung that the Oyster's
mycelium grew out on.........this would supply new and different nutrients
not usually found by the Oyster mushroom. The mycelium in turn uses the new
nutrients and produces a bad toxin. You pick mushrooms produced in the dung
area and suddenly you are telling everybody you were poisoned by an Oyster
mushroom......and you know without a doubt that no misidentification
had occurred. How many times have I heard this story? This may be what is
going on with the Peele's Lepiota. I now know that when these Lepiota
mushrooms are picked and there is no mat condition, there are no effects.
I also now know the pH of the fruiting area is also paramount. I had
sent Jeremy some soil samples from where I had collected the Lepiota and
he confirmed thath the pH of 4 - 5.6 (the pH of the soil samples I sent)
was very important. I wondered why the pH in the areas so acid like, and
I later found out. When the cows would lay down for the night, they would
all lay sort of close together. In the morning when they woke up, they
would all stand and urinate in the area.......this is what was changing the
pH.
Oct. 1, 1982, Jeremy writes to me saying the following: "A test in
Sprague Dawley rats is underway. No deaths yet - but I am waiting to see
the offspring who ate (without coaxing) and without any other food, a 2.5
gram fresh (cap unopened) specimen. In the growth chambers I continually
notice that young specimens have a volva - and these become caved at
maturity - with having white fuzz - rendering the volva invisible - can you
check field specimens?" When I checked field specimens I found the same
thing. The very young mushrooms did have a volva, but when the mushroom
matured, it had no volva or any signs that one was once there. Jeremy
continued his trials with the rats never seeing any effects from the Lepiota
mushroom.
Jeremy then started telling me in his letter of Oct. 12, 1982, that
Michael Beug and his one time student Paul Stamets were continually
harassing him for working with me on the Lepiota mushroom. Paul's gripe
was that I named the mushroom after myself. This is untrue as Jeremy and
WHODAT@THADOR
Well-Known Member
his team have the common name of Peele's Lepiota, later to be identified as
Luecogaricus ginerascens, and then later as identified by myself as Lepiota
humei. Jeremy said in his letter that Paul asked him "How could you work
with such an egotist?" If I had carried a mirror - I would have passed it
to him!. I told him that you were unfamiliar with this field and the
intricacies of nomenclature procedure - but that I felt the common name
"Peele's Lepiota" was acceptable because I do not mind a common name which
carries the name of a person." I also needed some type of name in order to
place it in FMRC's catalog. Jeremy then goes on to tell me that he had
worked 5 months to cultivate a fruiting of the mushroom and that 24 liquid
media did not produce any results.
By the first part of 1983, Jeremy had not only isolated the new
active compound in the Lepiota, he had even synthesized it. The compound
itself had a short life of only a day or two and the it broke down to some
other non-active compound as psilocybin and psilocin will do. Jeremy told
me that the only way he found to slow down the breakdown and make the
compound last longer, was to submerge the mushrooms in chlorinated water.
The chlorine helped hold the compound's structure. Because of this, this
mushroom cannot be dried and then stored for later testing.....the compound
will no longer exist. Jeremy also asked me if I had smoked any freshly
dried samples. I told him no. He then pointed out that the same effect
would occur. According to Peter Stafford, Jeremy told him the mushroom
contained LSA, DMT and many other alkaloids.
Jeremy continued testing on the rats never seeing any effects. His
sacns for compounds in the mushroom also continued. He told me that the
only other mushroom that he had ever worked with that showed as many
different compounds and different peaks was Panaeolus subbalteatus. He
also told me that they had found a compound produced by the human brain.
I do not remember the compound's name, but I do remember Jeremy telling me
that it was the first time this compound was ever found in any plant tissue.
Jeremy then called one morning telling me that someone had broken into the
lab he was working and had sabotaged all of his standards. All of the
cultures had been padlocked......they did not get any of this. He told me
that a lot of other people were mad and upset because they did not know
what was going on. They all wanted to be number one and could not stand
taking a backseat while this research was leaving them behind. He never
told me who he thought broke into the lab, but I have always had my own
ideas. Jeremy then left the University and moved all the research to
Vashon Island and started working with Jonathan Ott. Jeremy then left to
go to Nicaragua......I never heard from him again.
We might have learned many new things about mushrooms, but because
Jeremy was not allowed to work in peace at the University, this important
research still stands today as unfinished. Jeremy and I both received undue
harassment and skepticism by our colleagues while trying to find the
truth.........I still today 10 years after get bad comments over this by
other "so called mushroom experts" who know it all. I hope that these
people and the ones who broke into Jeremy's lab will someday think about
what they have done. I have always felt that my purpose in mushrooms was
to increase awareness and knowledge in this area............What have these
people done or contributed to help serve this objective? I think nothing
else is needed to be said.
From this point on I will refer any comments to me on Peele's
Lepiota to this article. I am not responsible for any of the subject matter
which may appear in other publications by other authors on Peele's Lepiota.
I only endorse this, and the Lepiota peele, Peele ms. of of 1982 both
published by FMRC.
I got bored
Luecogaricus ginerascens, and then later as identified by myself as Lepiota
humei. Jeremy said in his letter that Paul asked him "How could you work
with such an egotist?" If I had carried a mirror - I would have passed it
to him!. I told him that you were unfamiliar with this field and the
intricacies of nomenclature procedure - but that I felt the common name
"Peele's Lepiota" was acceptable because I do not mind a common name which
carries the name of a person." I also needed some type of name in order to
place it in FMRC's catalog. Jeremy then goes on to tell me that he had
worked 5 months to cultivate a fruiting of the mushroom and that 24 liquid
media did not produce any results.
By the first part of 1983, Jeremy had not only isolated the new
active compound in the Lepiota, he had even synthesized it. The compound
itself had a short life of only a day or two and the it broke down to some
other non-active compound as psilocybin and psilocin will do. Jeremy told
me that the only way he found to slow down the breakdown and make the
compound last longer, was to submerge the mushrooms in chlorinated water.
The chlorine helped hold the compound's structure. Because of this, this
mushroom cannot be dried and then stored for later testing.....the compound
will no longer exist. Jeremy also asked me if I had smoked any freshly
dried samples. I told him no. He then pointed out that the same effect
would occur. According to Peter Stafford, Jeremy told him the mushroom
contained LSA, DMT and many other alkaloids.
Jeremy continued testing on the rats never seeing any effects. His
sacns for compounds in the mushroom also continued. He told me that the
only other mushroom that he had ever worked with that showed as many
different compounds and different peaks was Panaeolus subbalteatus. He
also told me that they had found a compound produced by the human brain.
I do not remember the compound's name, but I do remember Jeremy telling me
that it was the first time this compound was ever found in any plant tissue.
Jeremy then called one morning telling me that someone had broken into the
lab he was working and had sabotaged all of his standards. All of the
cultures had been padlocked......they did not get any of this. He told me
that a lot of other people were mad and upset because they did not know
what was going on. They all wanted to be number one and could not stand
taking a backseat while this research was leaving them behind. He never
told me who he thought broke into the lab, but I have always had my own
ideas. Jeremy then left the University and moved all the research to
Vashon Island and started working with Jonathan Ott. Jeremy then left to
go to Nicaragua......I never heard from him again.
We might have learned many new things about mushrooms, but because
Jeremy was not allowed to work in peace at the University, this important
research still stands today as unfinished. Jeremy and I both received undue
harassment and skepticism by our colleagues while trying to find the
truth.........I still today 10 years after get bad comments over this by
other "so called mushroom experts" who know it all. I hope that these
people and the ones who broke into Jeremy's lab will someday think about
what they have done. I have always felt that my purpose in mushrooms was
to increase awareness and knowledge in this area............What have these
people done or contributed to help serve this objective? I think nothing
else is needed to be said.
From this point on I will refer any comments to me on Peele's
Lepiota to this article. I am not responsible for any of the subject matter
which may appear in other publications by other authors on Peele's Lepiota.
I only endorse this, and the Lepiota peele, Peele ms. of of 1982 both
published by FMRC.
I got bored
indicat33
Well-Known Member
Wow, you are a wealth of information on our favorite fungi
Thanks for all of it, and keep up the great work ! 
shroomologist
New Member
So I found what looked like a B+ cubensis in a cow field down from me, I didn't like any sports I just used some tissue to try to start some cakes. All the jars kept getting contaminated and I dumped in them outside. Shortly after the last Pink Moon we had I had a mushroom come up and I collected the spores. I finally got some jars to colonize and I got some shrooms growing but they were all in clusters of really skinny stalks that look like those pictures of the blue halos that someone posted after my last post. I'm not complaining because they're really potent but I was just wondering how that could happen, I did do a multi strain inoculation so I don't know if they can change strains like that or not but was just wondering if its possible for them to change from cubes to cyans or whatever. And to answer the other question it has been about 87 degrees in my fruiting chamber room.
shroomologist
New Member
oops where that says I didn't like any sports what I said was I didn't collect any spores I just used the tissue
indicat33
Well-Known Member
No, they won't do that. Ever.[/QUOT...
indicat33
Well-Known Member
I have a question about Pan-Cyan cultivation. I have a good (cow manure /BRF) recipe for making PF-Style cakes (modified with manure), a TEK that reportedly works with Pan-Cyans. My question: Do the cultures need higher temps in order to colonize than P.Cubensis? I would always just leave the P.C. cultures on a shelf @ room -temps an had great results every time. I understand the Pans need higher temps to colonize /flush than Cubies. Can anyone offer some sound advice on this? Do in need to keep the cultures in 90f temps to colonize them properly?
shadysmalls
Member
Planning on on doing shrooms for the first time, can anyone offer advice on dosage and best way of consumption am thinking tea?
Peace
Shady
Peace
Shady
shadysmalls
Member
Awesome link, thanks bro